ArticleLancet (London, England)2011
Risk of triple-class virological failure in children with HIV: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Lancet (London, England), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03235258 (ANRS CO10 EPF - Cohort of HIV-infected Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
ANRS CO10 EPF - Cohort of HIV-infected Children
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case fatality rate and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory tract infections in HIV positive and negative people in Africa: The VARIAFRICA-HIV systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2019Pooled it
- Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines for treatment of paediatric HIV-1 infection 2015: optimizing health in preparation for adult life.HIV medicine · 2018Guideline
- Virologic response of treatment experienced HIV-infected Ugandan children and adolescents on NNRTI based first-line regimen, previously monitored without viral load.BMC pediatrics · 2021Trial
- Clinical, virological and immunological features of HIV-positive children internationally adopted in France from 2005-2015.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Therapeutic DNA vaccination of vertically HIV-infected children: report of the first pediatric randomised trial (PEDVAC).PloS one · 2013Trial
- Clinical and immunovirological status in children, adolescents and young adults with early-life-acquired HIV: a Spanish multi-cohort analysis since 2020.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Children and Implications for Pediatric Treatment Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Determinants of Immunovirological Response among Children and Adolescents Living with HIV-1 in the Central Region of Cameroon.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Rescue therapy with an albuvirtide-based antiretroviral regimen in an HIV-infected child with multidrug resistance and multiple opportunistic infections: a case report.AIDS research and therapy · 2023Article
- Thirteen-year viral suppression and immunologic recovery of LPV/r-based regimens in pediatric HIV treatment: a multicenter cohort study in resource-constrained settings of China.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- A national household survey on HIV prevalence and clinical cascade among children aged ≤15 years in Kenya (2018).PloS one · 2022Article
- Virological failure and associated factors among children receiving anti-retroviral therapy, Northwest Ethiopia.PloS one · 2021Article
- Article
- Pediatric HIV: the Potential of Immune Therapeutics to Achieve Viral Remission and Functional Cure.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2020Review
- Outcomes of Integrase Inhibitor-based Antiretroviral Therapy in a Clinical Cohort of Treatment-experienced Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With HIV Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2020Observational
- Predicting Viral Failure in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Perinatally Infected Youth With Persistent Low-Level Viremia on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2019Observational
- Article
- Lymphocyte homeostasis is maintained in perinatally HIV-infected patients after three decades of life.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2019Article
- Outcomes of protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy amongst children and associated-factors in Yaoundé, Cameroon.PloS one · 2019Article
- Simulation Modeling and Metamodeling to Inform National and International HIV Policies for Children and Adolescents.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn adults with HIV treated with antiretroviral drug regimens from within the three original drug classes (nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs], non-NRTIs [NNRTIs], and protease inhibitors), virological failure occurs slowly, suggesting that long-term virological suppression can be achieved in most people, even in areas where access is restricted to drugs from these classes. It is unclear whether this is the case for children, the group who will need to maintain viral suppression for longest. We aimed to determine the rate and predictors of triple-class virological failure to the three original drugs classes in children.
methodsIn the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe, the rate of triple-class virological failure was studied in children infected perinatally with HIV who were aged less than 16 years, starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) with three or more drugs, between 1998 and 2008. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods to investigate the risk and predictors of triple-class virological failure after ART initiation.
findingsOf 1007 children followed up for a median of 4·2 (IQR 2·4-6·5) years, 237 (24%) were triple-class exposed and 105 (10%) had triple-class virological failure, of whom 29 never had a viral-load measurement less than 500 copies per mL. Incidence of triple-class virological failure after ART initiation increased with time, and risk by 5 years after ART initiation was 12·0% (95% CI 9·4-14·6). In multivariate analysis, older age at ART initiation was associated with increased risk of failure (p=0·02). Of 686 children starting ART with NRTIs and either a NNRTI or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor, the rate of failure was higher than in adults with heterosexually transmitted HIV (hazard ratio 2·2 [95% CI 1·6-3·0, p<0·0001]).
interpretationFindings highlight the challenges of attaining long-term viral suppression in children who will be taking life-long ART. Early identification of children not responding to ART, adherence support, particularly for children and adolescents aged 13 years or older starting ART, and ART simplification strategies are all needed to attain and sustain virological suppression.
fundingUK Medical Research Council award G0700832.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.