ReviewExpert review of vaccines2011
Carbohydrate-based immune adjuvants.
Review in Expert review of vaccines, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Pilot Randomised Controlled Dose-Ranging Trial of Ant Venom Immunotherapy With and Without Delta-Inulin Adjuvant.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Survival Impact of Anti-GD2 Antibody Response in a Phase II Ganglioside Vaccine Trial Among Patients With High-Risk Neuroblastoma With Prior Disease Progression.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Structural-activity relationship ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Adjuvant Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Allergen Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Article
- Advancing vaccine technology through the manipulation of pathogenic and commensal bacteria.Materials today. Bio · 2024Review
- Immunogenicity of mannan derived fromIranian journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- The Application of Biomaterials for the Vaccine, Treatment, and Detection of SARS-CoV-2.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of β-Glucans.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments.Chemical reviews · 2022Review
- Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs: from non-specific formulation approaches to intestinal cell targeting strategies.Theranostics · 2022Review
- Use of a small molecule integrin activator as a systemically administered vaccine adjuvant in controlling Chagas disease.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Inulin and Its Application in Drug Delivery.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Review
- Intranasal Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Results in Long-Term Immunity to Bordetella pertussis in Mice.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The role for adjuvants in human vaccines has been a matter of vigorous scientific debate, with the field hindered by the fact that for over 80 years, aluminum salts were the only adjuvants approved for human use. To this day, alum-based adjuvants, alone or combined with additional immune activators, remain the only adjuvants approved for use in the USA. This situation has not been helped by the fact that the mechanism of action of most adjuvants has been poorly understood. A relative lack of resources and funding for adjuvant development has only helped to maintain alum's relative monopoly. To seriously challenge alum's supremacy a new adjuvant has many major hurdles to overcome, not least being alum's simplicity, tolerability, safety record and minimal cost. Carbohydrate structures play critical roles in immune system function and carbohydrates also have the virtue of a strong safety and tolerability record. A number of carbohydrate compounds from plant, bacterial, yeast and synthetic sources have emerged as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates. Carbohydrates are readily biodegradable and therefore unlikely to cause problems of long-term tissue deposits seen with alum adjuvants. Above all, the Holy Grail of human adjuvant development is to identify a compound that combines potent vaccine enhancement with maximum tolerability and safety. This has proved to be a tough challenge for many adjuvant contenders. Nevertheless, carbohydrate-based compounds have many favorable properties that could place them in a unique position to challenge alum's monopoly over human vaccine usage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.