ReviewExpert review of vaccines2011
CpG DNA as a vaccine adjuvant.
Review in Expert review of vaccines, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 420 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
420 citing papers in PubMed, 892 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- A Randomized First-in-Human Study With UB-312, a UBITh® α-Synuclein Peptide Vaccine.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Trial
- A n-heneicosane solid emulsion as a single-dose subunit vaccine elicits broad and durable immune responses in an aged and a Pox virus model.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- A multi-objective sequence engineering framework for rational genetic vaccine design.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2026Article
- Pre-Clinical Development of Two DNA Vaccines Encoding MrkA of Klebsiella pneumoniae: Effect of Plasmid Backbone on Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy Against Sepsis.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- CpG 1018 augments mRNA vaccine-induced anti-tumor immunity by potentiating CD8+ T cell responses.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Adeno-associated virus-induced neurotoxicity is prevented by CpG depletion.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Redesign of TALE proteins for DNA-templated assembly of protein fibers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Developing a durable, memory-driven, CspZ-targeting Lyme disease vaccine by rational adjuvant selection.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- An Engineered Nano-Vesicle Adjuvant Platform (ENAP) for Cytokine Delivery Enables a Novel Antigen-Coordinated Vaccine Against Helicobacter pylori.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Programmable Antigen-Specific Immunity via Self-Adjuvanting Nanovaccines Co-Delivering Immune Modulators.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles in anti-tumor immunotherapy: Advances and outlook.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Thermoreversibly assembled polymersomes for highly efficient loading, processing and delivery of protein and siRNA biologics.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Develop a durable, memory-driven, CspZ-targeting Lyme disease vaccine by rationale adjuvant selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Design and mechanistic insights into ZMF59/CpG: a complementary adjuvant system boosting immunity and safety in herpes zoster vaccines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Assessment of Immune Responses Against AAV Encoded Transgene Products.The AAPS journal · 2026Review
- An Overview of the Factors Related toVaccines · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide microparticles as an oral vaccine platform: proof-of-concept in male rats using a GnRH-targeting fusion antigen.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
360 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.