ReviewExpert review of vaccines2011
Natural and synthetic saponin adjuvant QS-21 for vaccines against cancer.
Review in Expert review of vaccines, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials of Vaccines with QS-21 or ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant: Safety and Tolerability.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Protein Dose-Sparing Effect of AS01B Adjuvant in a Randomized Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and Adjuvanted Bivalent Subtype C gp120.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Toxicological evaluation of a synthetic QS-21 adjuvant in a tuberculosis vaccine candidate-Demonstrating safety and immunological equivalence to natural reference.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Advances in the heterologous biosynthesis of QS saponins: a review.Microbial cell factories · 2026Review
- Research status and challenges of anti-tumor effects of natural saponins and their combination therapy.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Superior protection against tuberculosis using heterologous mRNA nanoadjuvant vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- The Cinderella tree,Plants, people, planet · 2026Article
- Biodegradable Polymers for Application as Robust Immunomodulatory Biomaterial Carrier Systems.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Design and mechanistic insights into ZMF59/CpG: a complementary adjuvant system boosting immunity and safety in herpes zoster vaccines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- The challenge of one billion adjuvanted vaccine doses: evaluating scalability, sustainability, and supply capacity of Quillaja saponin QS-21 for large-scale vaccine demand.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Ganglioside enhances the immunogenicity of nanoparticles displaying short synthetic tumor neoepitopes and epitopes.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Structure and immunological activity of QS-21 variant fromFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Leaf Saponins ofPharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Immunogenicity and cellular response of a herpes zoster virus gEgI fusion protein adjuvanted with CpG-emulsion in mice.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Adjuvant Anti-tumor Therapy with Polyphenolic Compounds: A Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Traditional Chinese medicine as potential adjuvants for tumor vaccines: a review of types, mechanisms, and forms.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
One of the most widely used and potent immunological adjuvants is a mixture of soluble triterpene glycosides purified from the soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria). Despite challenges in production, quality control, stability and toxicity, the QS-21 fraction from this extract has exhibited exceptional adjuvant properties for a range of antigens. It possesses an ability to augment clinically significant antibody and T-cell responses to vaccine antigens against a variety of infectious diseases, degenerative disorders and cancers. The recent synthesis of active molecules of QS-21 has provided a robust method to produce this leading vaccine adjuvant in high purity as well as to produce novel synthetic QS-21 congeners designed to induce increased immune responsiveness and decreased toxicity.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.