ArticleMaternal and child health journal2012
Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and breastfeeding: national, regional, and state level analyses.
Article in Maternal and child health journal, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Likelihood of Breastfeeding Within the USDA's Food and Nutrition Service Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Population.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2017Pooled it
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participation during Pregnancy: Racial/ethnic Inequities among Medicaid-Covered Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, and Hispanic Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- Supporting breastfeeding equity: A cross-sectional study of US birthing facility administrators.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Prenatal Perception of WIC Breastfeeding Recommendations Predicts Breastfeeding Exclusivity and Duration in the Infants' First Year.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Observational
- A Quasi-Experimental Assessment of the Effect of the 2009 WIC Food Package Revisions on Breastfeeding Outcomes.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Prenatal perception of breastfeeding recommendations predicts early breastfeeding outcomes of participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Revisiting the Relationship between WIC Participation and Breastfeeding among Low-Income Children in the U.S. after the 2009 WIC Food Package Revision.Food policy · 2021Article
- The impact on the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 6 months of life of introducing supplementary donor milk into the level 1 newborn nursery.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2020Article
- National Trends in the Provision of Human Milk at Hospital Discharge Among Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Article
- WIC Participation and Breastfeeding after the 2009 WIC Revision: A Propensity Score Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Sociodemographic predictors of exclusive breast-feeding among low-income women attending a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) programme.Public health nutrition · 2019Article
- Trends in Breastfeeding Disparities in US Infants by WIC Eligibility and Participation.Journal of nutrition education and behavior · 2019Article
- Sources of Information and Support for Breastfeeding: Alignment with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Strategies.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2018Article
- A Multilevel Approach to Breastfeeding Promotion: Using Healthy Start to Deliver Individual Support and Drive Collective Impact.Maternal and child health journal · 2017Article
- Catholic social teaching and America's suboptimal breastfeeding rate: Where faith and policy should meet to combat injustice.The Linacre quarterly · 2017Article
- Does breast-feeding reduce offspring junk food consumption during childhood? Examinations by socio-economic status and race/ethnicity.Public health nutrition · 2017Article
- Comparing Weight-for-Length Status of Young Children in Two Infant Feeding Programs.Maternal and child health journal · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This research builds on literature that suggests a negative association between participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and breastfeeding. Variation in results at the national, regional, and state level has important policy implications for breastfeeding promotion through WIC. Using the 2007 National Immunization Survey dataset, Chi-square, ANOVA, and adjusted regression modeling techniques assess the relationship between WIC participation and breastfeeding initiation and duration. Adjusted regression models suggest a negative association between WIC participation and breastfeeding initiation rates (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.72). Of those who initiated breastfeeding, WIC participation was associated with a mean breastfeeding duration decrease of 0.63 months (95% CI: -0.86, -0.39). At the regional level, 3 of 7 regions showed a negative association between WIC participation and breastfeeding initiation. All of the regions indicated a negative association between WIC participation and breastfeeding duration. Out of 50 states, 13 had a statistically significant reduction in odds of initiation of breastfeeding and 10 had reduced duration of breastfeeding among participants of WIC when compared to non-participants. No state showed a positive association between WIC participation and breastfeeding. Regional and state differences in breastfeeding rates suggest that further research is needed to understand the role of national, regional, and state level policies which may undermine WIC's breastfeeding promotion efforts. Although WIC revised the food packages to create a stronger incentive for breastfeeding, a disincentive for breastfeeding may exist given the higher market value of the formula packages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.