ArticleCell host & microbe2011
The soluble serum protein Gas6 bridges virion envelope phosphatidylserine to the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase Axl to mediate viral entry.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Multifaceted Roles of TAM Receptors during Viral Infection.Virologica Sinica · 2021Pooled it
- Multi-omics dissection of metabolic hijacking: Infectious bronchitis virus orchestrates lipid-centric replication through PPAR-TGF-β crosstalk.Virulence · 2026Article
- TAM receptor tyrosine kinases as potential mediators of the non-lytic spread of non-enveloped viruses.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- In vivo CAR T cell generation using retargeted and functionalized lentiviral vectors with reduced immunogenicity.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- The Impact of Monkeypox Virus Infection on Pregnancy Outcome: Clinical Features and Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Glycocalyx at the host-virus interface: a double-edged sword in virus infection and tissue damage.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
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- Variation in virion phosphatidylserine content drives differential GAS6 binding among closely related flaviviruses.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- A novel linear B-cell epitope on S2 protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus identified using a monoclonal antibody.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- An untargeted metabolomics analysis in feces and brain of Orthoflaviviruses-infected mice.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
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- A single mutation in the PrM gene of Zika virus determines AXL dependency for infection of human neural cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Membrane asymmetry facilitates murine norovirus entry and persistent enteric infection.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- The ability of human TIM1 to bind phosphatidylethanolamine enhances viral uptake and efferocytosis compared to rhesus and mouse orthologs.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Nano-Biomechanical Investigation of Phosphatidylserine-Mediated Ebola Viral Attachment via Human Gas6 and Axl.Viruses · 2024Article
- Chikungunya virus release is reduced by TIM-1 receptors through binding of envelope phosphatidylserine.Journal of virology · 2024Article
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Virus entry into cells is typically initiated by binding of virally encoded envelope proteins to specific cell surface receptors. Studying infectivity of lentivirus pseudotypes lacking envelope binding, we still observed high infectivity for some cell types. On further investigation, we discovered that this infectivity is conferred by the soluble bovine protein S in fetal calf serum, or Gas6, its human homolog. Gas6 enhances native infectivity of pseudotypes of multiple viral envelope proteins. Gas6 mediates binding of the virus to target cells by bridging virion envelope phosphatidylserine to Axl, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinase on target cells. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is known to involve bridging by Gas6. Replication of vaccinia virus, which was previously reported to use apoptotic mimicry to enter cells, is also enhanced by Gas6. These results reveal an alternative molecular mechanism of viral entry that can broaden host range and enhance infectivity of enveloped viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.