Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21498643›Full record

ArticleEukaryotic cell2011

Killing of Candida albicans filaments by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is mediated by sopB effectors, parts of a type III secretion system.

Younghoon Kim, Eleftherios Mylonakis

Open access · diamondAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Eukaryotic cell, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. A farnesol-sensing triad inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. microLife · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Architecture of the dynamic fungal cell wall.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019
    Review
  19. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2019
    Review
  20. Tipping the Balance:Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Younghoon KimDivision of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Eleftherios Mylonakis
Harvard University · USMassachusetts General Hospital · US

Funding

Technical Mother Machine CoreP01AI083214 · NIAID · SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI Michael S Gilmore · 2009 to 2026
$39.4M
A C.elegans high-throughput assay for the identification of new antifungal agentsR01AI075286 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI MYLONAKIS, ELEFTHERIOS · 2008 to 2010
$1.3M
Genome-wide investigations in fungal pathogens utilizing an invertebrate model hoR21AI079569 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI MYLONAKIS, ELEFTHERIOS · 2009 to 2010
$484k
NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI083214NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI075286NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI079569
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although bacterial-fungal interactions shape microbial virulence during polymicrobial infections, only a limited number of studies have evaluated this interaction on a genetic level. We report here that one interaction is mediated by sopB, an effector of a type III secretion system (TTSS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In these studies, we screened 10 TTSS effector-related mutants and determined their role in the killing of C. albicans filaments in vitro during coinfection in planktonic environments. We found that deleting the sopB gene (which encodes inositol phosphatase) was associated with a significant decrease in C. albicans killing at 25°C after 5 days, similar to that caused by the deletion of sipB (which encodes TTSS translocation machinery components). The sopB deletion dramatically influenced the killing of C. albicans filaments. It was associated with repressed filamentation in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of C. albicans-S. Typhimurium coinfection, as well as with biofilm formation by C. albicans. We confirmed that SopB translocated to fungal filaments through SipB during coinfection. Using quantitative real-time PCR assays, we found that the Candida supernatant upregulated the S. Typhimurium genes associated with C. albicans killing (sopB and sipB). Interestingly, the sopB effector negatively regulated the transcription of CDC42, which is involved in fungal viability. Taken together, these results indicate that specific TTSS effectors, including SopB, play a critical role in bacterial-fungal interactions and are important to S. Typhimurium in order to selectively compete with fungal pathogens. These findings highlight a new role for TTSS of S. Typhimurium in the intestinal tract and may further explain the evolution and maintenance of these traits.

Indexed as

AntibiosisBacterial ProteinsBiofilmsCandida albicanscdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinColony Count, MicrobialDNA-Binding ProteinsFungal ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, FungalMembrane GlycoproteinsMicrobial ViabilityMutationProtein TransportSalmonella typhimuriumTranscription FactorsALS3 protein, Candida albicansBacterial Proteinscdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinDNA-Binding ProteinsFungal ProteinsHWP1 protein, Candida albicansMembrane GlycoproteinsSopB protein, SalmonellaTEC1 protein, Candida albicansTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID21498643
PMCPMC3127670
OpenAlexW2105983922

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.