ArticleInjury2011
The biology of fracture healing.
Article in Injury, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 765 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
765 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Fracture Fusion on Fast-Forward: Locally Administered Deferoxamine Significantly Enhances Fracture Healing in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of trehalose supplementation on bone healing, physical function, and pain in patients with pertrochanteric fractures: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Engineering high-fidelity bone organoids: Operational classification, multilineage crosstalk, biofabrication evidence, and translational validation.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Aqueous extract of Ormocarpum cochinchinense promotes fracture healing through coordinated angiogenic, osteogenic, and cytoprotective mechanisms.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Light stimuli attenuates inflammatory activation in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Article
- Root Migration After Coronectomy of a Mandibular Third Molar With the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Passing Between the Roots: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Multimodal Biological Augmentation with Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome, Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, and Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Confirmed Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Distal Tibia and Fibula: A Case Report with Mechanistic Scoping Review.Journal of orthopaedic case reports · 2026Article
- Minimally invasive bioelectronic implants.Nature materials · 2026Review
- Age-Dependent Effects of Macrophage Derived Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide on Bone Fracture Repair.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fracture healing: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Organic-Inorganic Hyaluronic Acid/Sumecton Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Osteogenic Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Angiogenic and Osteogenic Strategies for Skeletal Regeneration in Aging.Current osteoporosis reports · 2026Review
- The cortical microenvironment drives early immune organization and controls early osteoclastogenesis in bone healing.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Fracture Healing: Mechanisms and Potential Effects on Skeletal Repair.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Mechanical Intelligence in Bone Regeneration: Bridging Material and Cellular Memory for Enhanced Healing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Apilarnil Improves Early Histological Repair and Biomechanical Strength During Experimental Femoral Fracture Healing in Rats.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Timing for Intravenous Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Enhance Fracture Healing.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Incidence of nonunion after open tibia fractures in Malawi : associated factors and Radiographic Union Score for Tibial fractures reliability.Bone & joint open · 2026Article
- Effect of muscle atrophy on fracture healing: insights from a tibial musculoskeletal-finite element model.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2026Article
705 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The biology of fracture healing is a complex biological process that follows specific regenerative patterns and involves changes in the expression of several thousand genes. Although there is still much to be learned to fully comprehend the pathways of bone regeneration, the over-all pathways of both the anatomical and biochemical events have been thoroughly investigated. These efforts have provided a general understanding of how fracture healing occurs. Following the initial trauma, bone heals by either direct intramembranous or indirect fracture healing, which consists of both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. The most common pathway is indirect healing, since direct bone healing requires an anatomical reduction and rigidly stable conditions, commonly only obtained by open reduction and internal fixation. However, when such conditions are achieved, the direct healing cascade allows the bone structure to immediately regenerate anatomical lamellar bone and the Haversian systems without any remodelling steps necessary. In all other non-stable conditions, bone healing follows a specific biological pathway. It involves an acute inflammatory response including the production and release of several important molecules, and the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate a primary cartilaginous callus. This primary callus later undergoes revascularisation and calcification, and is finally remodelled to fully restore a normal bone structure. In this article we summarise the basic biology of fracture healing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.