Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21482800›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011

Anchored clathrate waters bind antifreeze proteins to ice.

Christopher P Garnham, Robert L Campbell, Peter L Davies

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
113citing papers in PubMed
24.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

113 citing papers in PubMed, 388 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  6. Review
  7. mBio · 2025
    Article
  8. A horizontally transferred bacterial gene aids the freezing tolerance of Antarctic bdelloid rotifers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
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  14. Weakly Hydrated Solute of Mixed Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Nature.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2024
    Article
  15. Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ice-Binding Proteins.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Divergent Mechanisms of Ice Growth Inhibition by Antifreeze Proteins.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. A general overview of the multifactorial adaptation to cold: biochemical mechanisms and strategies.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2023
    Review

53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Christopher P GarnhamDepartment of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.
Robert L Campbell
Peter L Davies
Stanford University · USQueen's University · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The mechanism by which antifreeze proteins (AFPs) irreversibly bind to ice has not yet been resolved. The ice-binding site of an AFP is relatively hydrophobic, but also contains many potential hydrogen bond donors/acceptors. The extent to which hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect contribute to ice binding has been debated for over 30 years. Here we have elucidated the ice-binding mechanism through solving the first crystal structure of an Antarctic bacterial AFP. This 34-kDa domain, the largest AFP structure determined to date, folds as a Ca(2+)-bound parallel beta-helix with an extensive array of ice-like surface waters that are anchored via hydrogen bonds directly to the polypeptide backbone and adjacent side chains. These bound waters make an excellent three-dimensional match to both the primary prism and basal planes of ice and in effect provide an extensive X-ray crystallographic picture of the AFPice interaction. This unobstructed view, free from crystal-packing artefacts, shows the contributions of both the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonding during AFP adsorption to ice. We term this mode of binding the "anchored clathrate" mechanism of AFP action.

Indexed as

IceModels, MolecularProtein ConformationAntifreeze ProteinsCrystallography, X-RayHydrogen BondingPhase TransitionProtein BindingTemperatureAntifreeze ProteinsIce

Identifiers

PMID21482800
PMCPMC3088597
OpenAlexW2109532360

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.