ArticleInfection and immunity2011
Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Aspects of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Vaccine Development.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
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- Bioengineered Probiotics for Clostridioides difficile Infection: An Overview of the Challenges and Potential for This New Treatment Approach.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
- Bacillus subtilis surface display technology: applications in bioprocessing and sustainable manufacturing.Biotechnology for biofuels and bioproducts · 2025Review
- Pivotal role ofFrontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Immunization Strategies Against Clostridioides difficile.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Host Immune Responses toTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- Prophylactic immunization to Helicobacter pylori infection using spore vectored vaccines.Helicobacter · 2023Article
- The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Mucosal Vaccination Strategies againstVaccines · 2023Review
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- Intranasal Treatment of Ferrets with Inert Bacterial Spores Reduces Disease Caused by a Challenging H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Major pathogenicIranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2022Review
- Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Bioengineered Probiotics: Synthetic Biology Can Provide Live Cell Therapeutics for the Treatment of Foodborne Diseases.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Colonisation Factor CD0873, an Attractive Oral Vaccine Candidate againstMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Peptidoglycan analysis reveals that synergistic deacetylase activity in vegetativeThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2020Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in the developed world. Two toxins, A and B, produced by most strains of C. difficile are implicated as virulence factors, yet only recently has the requirement of these for infection been investigated by genetic manipulation. Current vaccine strategies are focused mostly on parenteral delivery of toxoids. In this work, we have used bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis) as a delivery vehicle to evaluate the carboxy-terminal repeat domains of toxins A and B as protective antigens. Our findings are important and show that oral immunization of the repeat domain of toxin A is sufficient to confer protection in a hamster model of infection designed to closely mimic the human course of infection. Importantly, neutralizing antibodies to the toxin A repeat domain were shown to be cross-reactive with the analogous domain of toxin B and, being of high avidity, provided protection against challenge with a C. difficile strain producing toxins A and B (A(+)B(+)). Thus, although many strains produce both toxins, antibodies to only toxin A can mediate protection. Animals vaccinated with recombinant spores were fully able to survive reinfection, a property that is particularly important for a disease with which patients are prone to relapse. We show that mucosal immunization, not parenteral delivery, is required to generate secretory IgA and that production of these neutralizing polymeric antibodies correlates with protection. This work demonstrates that an effective vaccine against C. difficile can be designed around two attributes, mucosal delivery and the repeat domain of toxin A.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.