ArticleExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2011
Discriminative and reinforcing stimulus effects of nicotine, cocaine, and cocaine + nicotine combinations in rhesus monkeys.
Article in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine effects on associative learning in human non-smokers.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Evaluating Nicotine Craving, Withdrawal, and Substance Use as Mediators of Smoking Cessation in Cocaine- and Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Trial
- Achieving smoking abstinence is associated with decreased cocaine use in cocaine-dependent patients receiving smoking-cessation treatment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Trial
- Immune system inflammation in cocaine dependent individuals: implications for medications development.Human psychopharmacology · 2012Trial
- Paradoxical Ventral Tegmental Area GABA Signaling Drives Enhanced Morphine Reward After Adolescent Nicotine.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- The role of polysubstance use in the development, maintenance, and treatment of stimulant use disorders.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Behavioral and neuronal extracellular vesicle biomarkers associated with nicotine's enhancement of the reinforcing strength of cocaine in female and male monkeys.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
- Nicotine modifies cocaine responding in a concurrent self-administration model.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Nicotine Enhances Intravenous Self-administration of Cannabinoids in Adult Rats.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- E-cigarettes may serve as a gateway to conventional cigarettes and other addictive drugs.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2023Review
- Effects of chronic treatment with bupropion on self-administration of nicotine + cocaine mixtures in nonhuman primates.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- One Is Not Enough: Understanding and Modeling Polysubstance Use.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Review
- Cocaine Directly Inhibits α6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Human SH-EP1 Cells and Mouse VTA DA Neurons.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Article
- Interactions between nicotine and drugs of abuse: a review of preclinical findings.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2017Review
- Mechanisms and genetic factors underlying co-use of nicotine and alcohol or other drugs of abuse.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2017Review
- Attenuated nicotine-like effects of varenicline but not other nicotinic ACh receptor agonists in monkeys receiving nicotine daily.British journal of pharmacology · 2016Article
- Cigarette Smoke Extract: A Preclinical Model of Tobacco Dependence.Current protocols in neuroscience · 2016Article
- Reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine in nonhuman primates: effects of nicotine dose and history of nicotine self-administration.Psychopharmacology · 2016Article
- Methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion and its two hydroxy metabolites in male rhesus monkeys.Behavioural pharmacology · 2016Article
- Effects of continuous nicotine treatment and subsequent termination on cocaine versus food choice in male rhesus monkeys.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Concurrent cigarette smoking and cocaine use is well documented. However, the behavioral pharmacology of cocaine and nicotine combinations is poorly understood, and there is a need for animal models to examine this form of polydrug abuse. The purpose of this study was twofold: first to assess the effects of nicotine on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, and second, to study self-administration of nicotine/cocaine combinations in a novel polydrug abuse model. In drug discrimination experiments, nicotine increased the discriminative stimulus effects of low cocaine doses in two of three monkeys, but nicotine did not substitute for cocaine in any monkey. Self-administration of cocaine and nicotine alone, and cocaine + nicotine combinations was studied under a second-order fixed ratio 2, variable ratio 16 (FR2[VR16:S]) schedule of reinforcement. Cocaine and nicotine alone were self-administered in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of marginally reinforcing doses of cocaine and nicotine increased drug self-administration behavior above levels observed with the same dose of either cocaine or nicotine alone. These findings indicate that nicotine may increase cocaine's discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects in rhesus monkeys, and illustrate the feasibility of combining cocaine and nicotine in a preclinical model of polydrug abuse. Further studies of the behavioral effects of nicotine + cocaine combinations will contribute to our understanding the pharmacology of dual nicotine and cocaine dependence, and will be useful for evaluation of new treatment medications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.