ReviewCNS drugs2011
Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: emerging concepts regarding its mechanism of action.
Review in CNS drugs, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glatiramer Acetate Immunomodulation: Evidence of Neuroprotection and Cognitive Preservation.Cells · 2022Pooled it
- Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Glatiramer Acetate Therapy Induces DNA Methylation Changes in Immune Cells of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- From Demyelination to Intervention: Natural Compounds as Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis Neuroinflammation.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Star-Shaped Glatiramer Acetate Mitigates Pulmonary Dysfunction and Brain Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Cryptococcus-Associated IRIS.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Effect of Different Treatments on Retinal Thickness Changes in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- A narrative review on the safety of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: focus on Europe.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2025Review
- Citrullinated peptides as drug candidates for rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- A Comprehensive Examination of the Role of Epigenetic Factors in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Protective Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Against Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats: A Role for Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Personalized Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Catalytic Antibodies May Contribute to Demyelination in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.Biochemistry · 2024Article
- Mutated Toll-like receptor 9 increases Alzheimer's disease risk by compromising innate immunity protection.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Emerges as a Central Player in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Drug-induced liver injury by glatiramer acetate leading to liver transplant: A case report.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023Article
- T cell responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving disease-modifying therapy.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Review
- An Overview of the History, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Interventions of Multiple Sclerosis.Cureus · 2023Review
- Thioctamer: a novel thioctic acid-glatiramer acetate nanoconjugate expedites wound healing in diabetic rats.Drug delivery · 2022Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic, random copolymer widely used as a first-line agent for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). While earlier studies primarily attributed its clinical effect to a shift in the cytokine secretion of CD4+ T helper (T(h)) cells, growing evidence in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests that glatiramer acetate treatment is associated with a broader immunomodulatory effect on cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. To date, glatiramer acetate-mediated modulation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as monocytes and dendritic cells, CD4+ T(h) cells, CD8+ T cells, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and antibody production by plasma cells have been reported; in addition, most recent investigations indicate that glatiramer acetate treatment may also promote regulatory B-cell properties. Experimental evidence suggests that, among these diverse effects, a fostering interplay between anti-inflammatory T-cell populations and regulatory type II APC may be the central axis in glatiramer acetate-mediated immune modulation of CNS autoimmune disease. Besides altering inflammatory processes, glatiramer acetate could exert direct neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative properties, which could be of relevance for the treatment of MS, but even more so for primarily neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of established and recent findings aiming to elucidate the complex mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.