ArticleBMC psychiatry2011
The impact of study design and diagnostic approach in a large multi-centre ADHD study: Part 2: Dimensional measures of psychopathology and intelligence.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Boys Score Higher Everywhere? Gender Differences in Parent-Reported ADHD Symptoms Across Age Groups and Four Countries.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- ADHD symptom trajectories and brain morphometry: A longitudinal analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Stimulant medication and symptom interrelations in children, adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Characterizing the heterogeneous course of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity from childhood to young adulthood.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2022Article
- Associations between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom remission and white matter microstructure: A longitudinal analysis.JCPP advances · 2021Article
- A polygenic risk score analysis of ASD and ADHD across emotion recognition subtypes.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2021Article
- Is the endorsement of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptom criteria ratings influenced by informant assessment, gender, age, and co-occurring disorders? A measurement invariance study.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2019Article
- An emotion recognition subtyping approach to studying the heterogeneity and comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2018Article
- Healthy cortical development through adolescence and early adulthood.Brain structure & function · 2017Article
- Neurocognitive Predictors of ADHD Outcome: a 6-Year Follow-up Study.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2017Article
- Glutamatergic and GABAergic gene sets in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: association to overlapping traits in ADHD and autism.Translational psychiatry · 2017Article
- No Association between Cortical Gyrification or Intrinsic Curvature and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2017Article
- Gene-set and multivariate genome-wide association analysis of oppositional defiant behavior subtypes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2016Article
- Genome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2016Article
- Familiality of Co-existing ADHD and Tic Disorders: Evidence from a Large Sibling Study.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
- Integrated analysis of gray and white matter alterations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2016Article
- Article
- White matter microstructure and developmental improvement of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2015Article
- The NeuroIMAGE study: a prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design and descriptives.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2015Article
- A follow-up study of maternal expressed emotion toward children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): relation with severity and persistence of ADHD and comorbidity.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe International Multi-centre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) project with 11 participating centres from 7 European countries and Israel has collected a large behavioural and genetic database for present and future research. Behavioural data were collected from 1068 probands with ADHD and 1446 unselected siblings. The aim was to describe and analyse questionnaire data and IQ measures from all probands and siblings. In particular, to investigate the influence of age, gender, family status (proband vs. sibling), informant, and centres on sample homogeneity in psychopathological measures.
methodsConners' Questionnaires, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires, and Wechsler Intelligence Scores were used to describe the phenotype of the sample. Data were analysed by use of robust statistical multi-way procedures.
resultsBesides main effects of age, gender, informant, and centre, there were considerable interaction effects on questionnaire data. The larger differences between probands and siblings at home than at school may reflect contrast effects in the parents. Furthermore, there were marked gender by status effects on the ADHD symptom ratings with girls scoring one standard deviation higher than boys in the proband sample but lower than boys in the siblings sample. The multi-centre design is another important source of heterogeneity, particularly in the interaction with the family status. To a large extent the centres differed from each other with regard to differences between proband and sibling scores.
conclusionsWhen ADHD probands are diagnosed by use of fixed symptom counts, the severity of the disorder in the proband sample may markedly differ between boys and girls and across age, particularly in samples with a large age range. A multi-centre design carries the risk of considerable phenotypic differences between centres and, consequently, of additional heterogeneity of the sample even if standardized diagnostic procedures are used. These possible sources of variance should be counteracted in genetic analyses either by using age and gender adjusted diagnostic procedures and regional normative data or by adjusting for design artefacts by use of covariate statistics, by eliminating outliers, or by other methods suitable for reducing heterogeneity.
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