SynthesisNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2011
Effectiveness of over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy: a qualitative review of nonrandomized trials.
Synthesis in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhancing tobacco quitline effectiveness: identifying a superior pharmacotherapy adjuvant.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Randomized trial of the effectiveness of combined behavioral/pharmacological smoking cessation treatment in Syrian primary care clinics.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2013Trial
- Predictors of treatment engagement in a group-based, telehealth smoking cessation program.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Twelve Million Smokers Look Online for Smoking Cessation Help Annually: Health Information National Trends Survey Data, 2005-2017.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Health-care interventions to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in national guideline development.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2015Review
- Association between duration of use of pharmacotherapy and smoking cessation: findings from a national survey.BMJ open · 2015Article
- Five population-based interventions for smoking cessation: a MOST trial.Translational behavioral medicine · 2014Article
- Natural history of attempts to stop smoking.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
- Research priorities for Article 14--demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Review
- Interventions for tobacco smoking.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2013Review
- Effectiveness of stop-smoking medications: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimRandomized trials conducted in over-the-counter (OTC) settings have shown that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective. This paper reviews nonrandomized tests of the effectiveness of OTC NRT.
methodsLiterature search via computer and other methods located (a) retrospective cohort studies of users versus nonusers of OTC NRT and (b) studies of quit rates before versus after NRT went OTC or before versus after NRT was given free to quitline callers. The methods were too heterogeneous to allow meta-analysis.
resultsThe results were similar for cohort and pre- versus post-studies. Most of the studies found numerically greater quitting among NRT users than nonusers. Often when NRT was not found effective, other assumed effective treatments (e.g., phone counseling) were also not found effective, suggesting biased or insensitive study methods. Only about half of the studies found statistically greater quitting among NRT users, and the most rigorous studies did not find greater quitting among users. Many studies found selection bias, for example, NRT users are more dependent smokers.
conclusionsSome lines of evidence appear to confirm the effectiveness of OTC NRT, but others do not. We believe further secondary analyses using nonrandomized comparisons are unlikely to resolve this issue due to sensitivity, specificity, and selection bias problems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.