Trial reportCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2011
Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in children exposed to secondhand or thirdhand tobacco smoke in their homes.
Trial report in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of Assessment Methods for Detecting Nicotine Residue and Its Impact on Humans: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global burden of lung cancer attributable to secondhand smoke (1990-2021) and predictive trends to 2035.Medicine · 2026Article
- Thirdhand Smoke and Neonatal/Pediatric Health: A Scoping Review on Nursing Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Psychometric Evaluation of Iranian Version of Beliefs about Third-Hand Smoke Scale (BATHS-T) in Pregnant Women.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Contamination of surfaces in children's homes with nicotine and the potent carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Distinguishing Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke among U.S. Children Using Machine Learning: NHANES 2013-2016.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Public Health Burden of Secondhand Smoking: Case Reports of Lung Cancer and a Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Secondhand smoke exposure in school children in Malta assessed through urinary biomarkers.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Comparison of Levels of Three Tobacco Smoke Exposure Biomarkers in Children of Smokers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Public awareness of environmental risk factors of cancer and attitude towards its prevention among the Lebanese general population.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2020Article
- Thirdhand smoke: Genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2020Article
- Biomarkers of Exposure in ENDS Users, Smokers, and Dual Users of American Indian Descent.Tobacco regulatory science · 2018Article
- Potential Co-Factor Role of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in the Pathogenesis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.Gynecology and obstetrics research : open journal · 2016Article
- Exposure and Metabolic Activation Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines.Accounts of chemical research · 2016Article
- Potential contributions of the tobacco nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis in a chronic plus binge rat model of alcoholic liver disease.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2015Article
- It is time to regulate carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette tobacco.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2014Article
- Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
- Thirdhand tobacco smoke: a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen on surfaces in smokers' homes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) inhale the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) which is metabolized to NNAL and its glucuroniders. These urinary metabolites, termed total NNAL, can be quantified. A related compound, iso-NNAL, has been proposed as a biomarker for exposure to smoke constituent residues on surfaces (thirdhand tobacco smoke). There is limited information in the literature on levels of total NNAL in children exposed to SHS.
methodsWe recruited 79 parent--child dyads from homes where the enrolled parent was a cigarette smoker and visited their homes. Parents were asked questions, home ambient air quality was evaluated, and children provided urine samples. Urine was analyzed for total NNAL, total cotinine, total nicotine, and iso-NNAL.
resultsNinety percent of the children had detectable total NNAL in urine; total nicotine and total cotinine were also detected in most samples. There were significant positive relationships between biomarker levels and exposure of children in the home. Levels were highest in homes with no smoking restrictions. African American children had significantly higher levels than other children. iso-NNAL was not detected in any urine sample.
conclusionsThere was nearly universal exposure of children to the lung carcinogen NNK, due mainly to exposure to SHS from adult smokers in their homes. IMPACT: Homes with adult smokers should adopt restrictions to protect their children from exposure to a potent lung carcinogen.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.