ArticleBMC infectious diseases2011
Female gender predicts lower access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a setting of free healthcare.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating HIV drug resistance in the middle East and North Africa and its associated factors: a systematic review.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Impact of HIV-Related Stigma and Serostatus Disclosure on Retention in Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Women with HIV in the United States/Canada.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review of HIV treatment adherence research among people who inject drugs in the United States and Canada: evidence to inform pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence interventions.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- The paradigm of universal access to HIV-treatment and human rights violation: how do we treat HIV-positive people who use drugs?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2014Pooled it
- Pooled it
- HIV/AIDS health services in Manaus, Brazil: patient perception of quality and its influence on adherence to antiretroviral treatment.BMC health services research · 2019Trial
- HIV among injection drug users and their intimate partners in Almaty, Kazakhstan.AIDS and behavior · 2013Trial
- Weaving the Net: The Interplay of Micro- and Macrosupport in ART Adherence.AIDS research and treatment · 2026Article
- PrEP Use Likelihood Among People Who Use Opioid Drugs: Understanding Clinical Correlates Along the Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Cascade.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The CanCURE Survey: Gender-Based Differences in HIV Cure Research Priorities.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- "From an HCV and HIV point of view, it's been remarkable": A qualitative study about using prescribed safer supply to support people who use drugs along the HIV and HCV prevention and treatment cascades in Ontario, Canada.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Retention in care of people on antiretroviral therapy who inject drugs in South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Sex differences in COVID-19 vaccine confidence in people living with HIV in Canada.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Depression mediates the relationship between exposure to stigma and medication adherence among people living with HIV in low-resource setting: a structural equation modeling approach.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Heavy Alcohol use among People Living with HIV who use Unregulated Drugs in Vancouver, Canada.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Physical Health, Mental Health, and Disability Comorbidities among Women Living with HIV in Canada.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Treatment Adherence among HIV and TB Patients Using Single and Double Way Mobile Phone Text Messages: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of tropical medicine · 2022Article
- Inability to access primary care clinics among people who inject drugs in a Canadian health care setting.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2021Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBarriers to HIV treatment among injection drug users (IDU) are a major public health concern. However, there remain few long-term studies investigating key demographic and behavioral factors--and gender differences in particular--that may pose barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially in settings with universal healthcare. We evaluated access and adherence to ART in a long-term cohort of HIV-positive IDU in a setting where medical care and antiretroviral therapy are provided free of charge through a universal healthcare system.
methodsWe evaluated baseline antiretroviral use and subsequent adherence to ART among a Canadian cohort of HIV-positive IDU. We used generalized estimating equation logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with 95% adherence to antiretroviral therapy estimated based on prescription refill compliance.
resultsBetween May 1996 and April 2008, 545 IDU participants were followed for a median of 23.8 months (Inter-quartile range: 8.5-91.6), among whom 341 (63%) were male and 204 (37%) were female. Within the six-month period prior to the baseline interview, 133 (39%) men and 62 (30%) women were on ART (p=0.042). After adjusting for clinical characteristics as well as drug use patterns measured longitudinally throughout follow-up, female gender was independently associated with a lower likelihood of being 95% adherent to ART (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.70; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.53-0.93).
conclusionsDespite universal access to free HIV treatment and medical care, female IDU were less likely to access and adhere to antiretroviral therapy, a finding that was independent of drug use and clinical characteristics. These data suggest that interventions to improve access to HIV treatment among IDU must be tailored to address unique barriers to antiretroviral therapy faced by female IDU.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.