ArticlePloS one2011
Bacillus anthracis interacts with plasmin(ogen) to evade C3b-dependent innate immunity.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rather a versatile multi-tool than a sword: an integral role of the plasminogen system in health and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- FabG moonlights as an extracellular adhesin mediates cytoadhesion of Streptococcus suis via interaction with plasminogen.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
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- Mechanism of action of the moonlighting protein EfTu as a Substance P sensor in Bacillus cereus.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
- Antidromic neurogenic activity and cutaneous bacterial flora.Seminars in immunopathology · 2018Review
- Clostridium sordellii outer spore proteins maintain spore structural integrity and promote bacterial clearance from the gastrointestinal tract.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- Immunohaemostasis: a new view on haemostasis during sepsis.Annals of intensive care · 2017Review
- Ser/Thr protein kinase PrkC-mediated regulation of GroEL is critical for biofilm formation inNPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2017Article
- Effect of Substance P in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence: Implication for Skin Homeostasis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Article
- The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2015Review
- Evasion and interactions of the humoral innate immune response in pathogen invasion, autoimmune disease, and cancer.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2015Review
- Protein composition of the outermost exosporium-like layer of Clostridium difficile 630 spores.Journal of proteomics · 2015Article
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- Plasmin(ogen) acquisition by group A Streptococcus protects against C3b-mediated neutrophil killing.Journal of innate immunity · 2014Article
- Recombinant GroEL enhances protective antigen-mediated protection against Bacillus anthracis spore challenge.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2013Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is capable of circumventing the humoral and innate immune defense of the host and modulating the blood chemistry in circulation to initiate a productive infection. It has been shown that the pathogen employs a number of strategies against immune cells using secreted pathogenic factors such as toxins. However, interference of B. anthracis with the innate immune system through specific interaction of the spore surface with host proteins such as the complement system has heretofore attracted little attention. In order to assess the mechanisms by which B. anthracis evades the defense system, we employed a proteomic analysis to identify human serum proteins interacting with B. anthracis spores, and found that plasminogen (PLG) is a major surface-bound protein. PLG efficiently bound to spores in a lysine- and exosporium-dependent manner. We identified α-enolase and elongation factor tu as PLG receptors. PLG-bound spores were capable of exhibiting anti-opsonic properties by cleaving C3b molecules in vitro and in rabbit bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, resulting in a decrease in macrophage phagocytosis. Our findings represent a step forward in understanding the mechanisms involved in the evasion of innate immunity by B. anthracis through recruitment of PLG resulting in the enhancement of anti-complement and anti-opsonization properties of the pathogen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.