ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Intracellular invasion of green algae in a salamander host.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular phylogeny implies exclusive, repetitive, convergent establishment of cyanobacterial symbiosis in didemnid ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Didemnidae).Zoological letters · 2026Article
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- Physiology and metabolism of eukaryotic microalgae involved in aquatic photosymbioses.The New phytologist · 2025Review
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- Bacterial Diversity in Egg Capsular Fluid of the Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum Decreases with Embryonic Development.Microbial ecology · 2023Article
- Microalgae share key features with human erythrocytes and can safely circulate through the vascular system in mice.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Screening Salamanders for Symbionts.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Host phylogeny, habitat, and diet are main drivers of the cephalopod and mollusk gut microbiome.Animal microbiome · 2022Article
- Evolution and ontogeny of bacteriocytes in insects.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- In Situ 3D Bioprinting Living Photosynthetic Scaffolds for Autotrophic Wound Healing.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2022Article
- Article
- Cytoklepty in the plankton: A host strategy to optimize the bioenergetic machinery of endosymbiotic algae.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Review
- Diversity and substrate-specificity of green algae and other micro-eukaryotes colonizing amphibian clutches in Germany, revealed by DNA metabarcoding.Die Naturwissenschaften · 2021Article
- In the beginning: egg-microbe interactions and consequences for animal hosts.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Review
- Co-evolution in the Jungle: From Leafcutter Ant Colonies to Chromosomal Ends.Journal of molecular evolution · 2020Review
- Photosymbiosis for Biomedical Applications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Review
- Heterotrophic Carbon Fixation in a Salamander-Alga Symbiosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Evolution of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes; Current Opinion, Perplexity, and a New Perspective.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2020Article
- An IMD-like pathway mediates both endosymbiont control and host immunity in the cereal weevil Sitophilus spp.Microbiome · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The association between embryos of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and green algae ("Oophila amblystomatis" Lamber ex Printz) has been considered an ectosymbiotic mutualism. We show here, however, that this symbiosis is more intimate than previously reported. A combination of imaging and algal 18S rDNA amplification reveals algal invasion of embryonic salamander tissues and cells during development. Algal cells are detectable from embryonic and larval Stages 26-44 through chlorophyll autofluorescence and algal 18S rDNA amplification. Algal cell ultrastructure indicates both degradation and putative encystment during the process of tissue and cellular invasion. Fewer algal cells were detected in later-stage larvae through FISH, suggesting that the decline in autofluorescent cells is primarily due to algal cell death within the host. However, early embryonic egg capsules also contained encysted algal cells on the inner capsule wall, and algal 18S rDNA was amplified from adult reproductive tracts, consistent with oviductal transmission of algae from one salamander generation to the next. The invasion of algae into salamander host tissues and cells represents a unique association between a vertebrate and a eukaryotic alga, with implications for research into cell-cell recognition, possible exchange of metabolites or DNA, and potential congruence between host and symbiont population structures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.