ArticleInfection and immunity2011
Discovery of Salmonella virulence factors translocated via outer membrane vesicles to murine macrophages.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Microbial membrane vesicles and the intestinal epithelium: a crosstalk in health and disease.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Deciphering the role of SsaE in biofilm regulation and T3SS-dependent virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Article
- STING-adjuvanted outer membrane vesicle nanoparticle vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Modification of Silver-Loaded Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles with Bacterial Membrane Vesicles for Treating Intracellular Bacterial Infections.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Regulated Protease Inhibits Host Immune Responses by Cleaving Death Domains of Innate Immune Adaptors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Introduce a novel post-biotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation using Escherchia coli Nissle1917 outer membrane vesicles.BMC research notes · 2023Article
- Gram-Negative Bacteria's Outer Membrane Vesicles.Infection & chemotherapy · 2023Review
- Outer Membrane Vesicle-Coated Nanoparticle Vaccine Protects AgainstAdvanced nanobiomed research · 2023Article
- Outer Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Issues.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Genome analysis and virulence gene expression profile of a multi drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ms202.Gut pathogens · 2022Article
- Virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors inFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Insights Into the Interaction Between Host and Pathogenic Bacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Extracellular vesicles participate in the pathogenesis of sepsis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Review
- Prevalence of IncFIB Plasmids Found amongPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Bacteria- and host-derived extracellular vesicles - two sides of the same coin?Journal of cell science · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen and leading cause of food-borne illness, encodes a plethora of virulence effectors. Salmonella virulence factors are translocated into host cells and manipulate host cellular activities, providing a more hospitable environment for bacterial proliferation. In this study, we report a new set of virulence factors that is translocated into the host cytoplasm via bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). PagK (or PagK1), PagJ, and STM2585A (or PagK2) are small proteins composed of ∼70 amino acids and have high sequence homology to each other (>85% identity). Salmonella lacking all three homologues was attenuated for virulence in a mouse infection model, suggesting at least partial functional redundancy among the homologues. While each homologue was translocated into the macrophage cytoplasm, their translocation was independent of all three Salmonella gene-encoded type III secretion systems (T3SSs)-Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) T3SS, SPI-2 T3SS, and the flagellar system. Selected methods, including direct microscopy, demonstrated that the PagK-homologous proteins were secreted through OMV, which were enriched with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins. Vesicles produced by intracellular bacteria also contained lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), suggesting the possibility of OMV convergence with host cellular components during intracellular trafficking. This study identified novel Salmonella virulence factors secreted via OMV and demonstrated that OMV can function as a vehicle to transfer virulence determinants to the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.