ArticleCirculation2011
Persistent racial disparities in survival after heart transplantation.
Article in Circulation, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of the relationship between race and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure who undergo heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after heart transplantation: A systematic review of contributing factors and future directions to close the outcomes gap.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation · 2016Pooled it
- Unequal Hearts: Racial Disparities Persist in Heart Transplant Outcomes.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Racial Disparities in Heart Transplantation: Long-Term Graft Survival and Nonmortality Outcomes.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Heart Transplant Equity: Effect of 2018 Allocation Policy Change on Recipient Mortality and Morbidity by Race and Ethnicity.Journal of the American College of Surgeons · 2025Article
- Disparities in heart transplant survival and graft rejection outcomes persist in the modern era: a call to race towards a more equitable future.European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery · 2025Article
- Association between pre-heart transplant kidney function and post-transplant outcomes in Black and White adults.Journal of nephrology · 2024Article
- Advancements in Heart Transplantation: Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA as Next-Generation Biomarker.Cureus · 2024Review
- Does the human leukocyte antigen's relatively homogeneous genetic background relate to better lung transplantation outcomes in Japan?Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Review
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation bridge to pediatric lung transplantation: Modern era analysis.Pediatric transplantation · 2023Article
- Temporal trends in primary payers in pediatric heart transplant and association with long-term survival.Pediatric transplantation · 2023Article
- Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality Are Present in Heart Transplant Recipients.The Annals of thoracic surgery · 2023Article
- Article
- Post-transplant mortality and graft failure after induction immunosuppression among Black heart transplant recipients in the United States.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2022Article
- Racial disparities in cardiac transplantation: Chronological perspective and outcomes.PloS one · 2022Article
- Increased Incidence of Chronic Kidney Injury in African Americans Following Cardiac Transplantation.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2021Article
- Disparities in heart and lung transplantation.Current opinion in organ transplantation · 2021Review
- Evaluation of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiac Transplantation.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial and ethnic disparities are well documented in many areas of health care, but have not been comprehensively evaluated among recipients of heart transplants. METHODS AND
resultsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of 39075 adult primary heart transplant recipients from 1987 to 2009 using national data from the United Network of Organ Sharing and compared mortality for nonwhite and white patients using the Cox proportional hazards model. During the study period, 8082 nonwhite and 30 993 white patients underwent heart transplantation. Nonwhite heart transplant recipients increased over time, comprising nearly 30% of transplantations since 2005. Nonwhite recipients had a higher clinical risk profile than white recipients at the time of transplantation, but had significantly higher posttransplantation mortality even after adjustment for baseline risk. Among the nonwhite group, only black recipients had an increased risk of death compared with white recipients after multivariable adjustment for recipient, transplant, and socioeconomic factors (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 1.47; P<0.001). Five-year mortality was 35.7% (95% confidence interval, 35.2 to 38.3) among black and 26.5% (95% confidence interval, 26.0 to 27.0) among white recipients. Black patients were more likely to die of graft failure or a cardiovascular cause than white patients, but less likely to die of infection or malignancy. Although mortality decreased over time for all transplant recipients, the disparity in mortality between blacks and whites remained essentially unchanged.
conclusionsBlack heart transplant recipients have had persistently higher mortality than whites recipients over the past 2 decades, perhaps because of a higher rate of graft failure.
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