ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2011
The fungicide chlorothalonil is nonlinearly associated with corticosterone levels, immunity, and mortality in amphibians.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Glutathione impacts bothbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic gene analysis of newly isolatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Chlorothalonil exposure impacts larval development and adult reproductive performance inRoyal Society open science · 2025Article
- Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of chlorothalonil on the estuarine fish Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823).Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Pesticide tolerance induced by a generalized stress response in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica).Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2020Article
- Urbanization in China is associated with pronounced perturbation of plasma metabolites.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2020Article
- Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?Environmental science & technology · 2019Article
- Do host-associated gut microbiota mediate the effect of an herbicide on disease risk in frogs?The Journal of animal ecology · 2018Article
- A pesticide paradox: fungicides indirectly increase fungal infections.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2017Article
- Chronic exposures to fungicide pyrimethanil: multi-organ effects on Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia).Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Acute, chronic and biochemical effects of chlorothalonil on Agalychnis callidryas, Isthmohyla pseudopuma and Smilisca baudinii tadpoles.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
- The pros and cons of ecological risk assessment based on data from different levels of biological organization.Critical reviews in toxicology · 2016Review
- Transforming ecosystems: When, where, and how to restore contaminated sites.Integrated environmental assessment and management · 2016Article
- Combined Effects of Pesticides and Trematode Infections on Hourglass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger.EcoHealth · 2016Article
- Success stories and emerging themes in conservation physiology.Conservation physiology · 2016Article
- Defining an additivity framework for mixture research in inducible whole-cell biosensors.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Additivity and Interactions in Ecotoxicity of Pollutant Mixtures: Some Patterns, Conclusions, and Open Questions.Toxics · 2015Review
- Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead.Carcinogenesis · 2015Review
- Beyond mice and men: environmental change, immunity and infections in wild ungulates.Parasite immunology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundContaminants have been implicated in declines of amphibians, a taxon with vital systems similar to those of humans. However, many chemicals have not been thoroughly tested on amphibians or do not directly kill them.
objectiveOur goal in this study was to quantify amphibian responses to chlorothalonil, the most commonly used synthetic fungicide in the United States.
methodsWe reared Rana sphenocephala (southern leopard frog) and Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) in outdoor mesocosms with or without 1 time (1×) and 2 times (2×) the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of chlorothalonil (~ 164 μg/L). We also conducted two dose-response experiments on O. septentrionalis, Hyla squirella (squirrel treefrog), Hyla cinerea (green treefrog), and R. sphenocephala and evaluated the effects of chlorothalonil on the stress hormone corticosterone.
resultsFor both species in the mesocosm experiment, the 1× and 2× EEC treatments were associated with > 87% and 100% mortality, respectively. In the laboratory experiments, the approximate EEC caused 100% mortality of all species within 24 hr; 82 μg/L killed 100% of R. sphenocephala, and 0.0164 μg/L caused significant tadpole mortality of R. sphenocephala and H. cinerea. Three species showed a nonmonotonic dose response, with low and high concentrations causing significantly greater mortality than did intermediate concentrations or control treatments. For O. septentrionalis, corticosterone exhibited a similar nonmonotonic dose response and chlorothalonil concentration was inversely associated with liver tissue and immune cell densities (< 16.4 μg/L).
conclusionsChlorothalonil killed nearly every amphibian at the approximate EEC; at concentrations to which humans are commonly exposed, it increased mortality and was associated with elevated corticosterone levels and changes in immune cells. Future studies should directly quantify the effects of chlorothalonil on amphibian populations and human health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.