Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21463515›Full record

ArticleArthritis research & therapy2011

Treatment of experimental adjuvant arthritis with a novel folate receptor-targeted folic acid-aminopterin conjugate.

Yingjuan Lu, Torian W Stinnette, Elaine Westrick, Patrick J Klein, Mark A Gehrke, Vicky A Cross, Iontcho R Vlahov, Philip S Low, Christopher P Leamon

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. [ZIF-8@Pt Nanozyme Used for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Yingjuan LuEndocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
Torian W Stinnette
Elaine Westrick
Patrick J Klein
Mark A Gehrke
Vicky A Cross
Iontcho R Vlahov
Philip S Low
Christopher P Leamon
Endocyte (United States) · USPurdue University West Lafayette · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionFolate receptor (FR)-expressing macrophages have been shown to accumulate at sites of inflammation, where they promote development of inflammatory symptoms. To target such a macrophage population, we designed and evaluated the biologic activity of EC0746, a novel folic acid conjugate of the highly potent antifolate, aminopterin.

methodsUsing a FR-positive subclone of murine macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells and rat thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, we studied the effect of EC0746 on dihydrofolate reductase activity, cell proliferation, and cellular response towards bacterial lipopolysaccharide as well as IFNγ activation. The EC0746 anti-inflammatory activity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity were also evaluated in normal rats or in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis; that is, a FR-positive macrophage model that closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis in humans.

resultsEC0746 suppresses the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and prevents the ability of nonproliferating rat macrophages to respond to inflammatory stimuli. In the macrophage-rich rat arthritis model, brief treatment with subcutaneously administered EC0746 is shown to mediate an FR-specific anti-inflammatory response that is more potent than either orally administered methotrexate or subcutaneously delivered etanercept. More importantly, EC0746 therapy is also shown to be ~40-fold less toxic than unmodified aminopterin, with fewer bone marrow and gastrointestinal problems.

conclusionsEC0746 is the first high FR-binding dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that demonstrates FR-specific anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that a relatively toxic anti-inflammatory drug, such as aminopterin, can be targeted with folic acid to inflammatory macrophages and thereby relieve inflammatory symptoms with greatly reduced toxicity.

Indexed as

AminopterinAnimalsAnti-Inflammatory AgentsArthritis, ExperimentalFemaleFolate Receptors, GPI-AnchoredFolic AcidFolic Acid AntagonistsMacrophagesMiceRatsRats, Inbred LewAminopterinAnti-Inflammatory AgentsEC 0746Folate Receptors, GPI-AnchoredFolic AcidFolic Acid Antagonists

Identifiers

PMID21463515
PMCPMC3132048
OpenAlexW2128389838

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.