ArticleJournal of bacteriology2011
Prophage-stimulated toxin production in Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 lysogens.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Genomic analysis of prophages from Burkholderia gladioli exposes extensive genetic diversity.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Isolation and Characterization of Clostridioides difficile Bacteriophages.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- A prophage-encoded sRNA limits phage infection of adherent-invasive E. coli.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Structural determinants of SlpA-mediated phage recognition in Clostridioides difficile.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- The phi027 bacteriophage influences physiology and virulence of the lysogenic strain of Clostridioides difficile.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Bridging the gap: Phage manufacturing processes from laboratory to agri-food industry.Virus research · 2025Review
- Insight into the Mechanism of Lysogeny Control of phiCDKH01 Bacteriophage Infecting Clinical Isolate ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Advances in Therapeutic Strategies for the Management ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Novel insights into phage biology of the pathogenFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Comparative genome analyses of clinical and non-clinicalFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Removal of mobile genetic elements from the genome ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Identification of an anti-CRISPR protein that inhibits the CRISPR-Cas type I-B system inmSphere · 2023Article
- Prophage Carriage and Genetic Diversity within Environmental Isolates ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Molecular epidemiological analyses ofHeliyon · 2023Article
- Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Biofilm Formation ofMicroorganisms · 2023Review
- Emerging applications of phage therapy and fecal virome transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: challenges and perspectives.Gut pathogens · 2023Review
- Regulatory transcription factors ofCritical reviews in microbiology · 2023Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
TcdA and TcdB exotoxins are the main virulence factors of Clostridium difficile, one of the most deadly nosocomial pathogens. Recent data suggest that prophages can influence the regulation of toxin expression. Here we present the characterization of ϕCD38-2, a pac-type temperate Siphoviridae phage that stimulates toxin expression when introduced as a prophage into C. difficile. Host range analysis showed that ϕCD38-2 was able to infect 99/207 isolates of C. difficile representing 11 different PCR ribotypes. Of 89 isolates corresponding to the NAP1/027 hypervirulent strain, which recently caused several outbreaks in North America and Europe, 79 (89%) were sensitive to ϕCD38-2. The complete double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome was determined, and a putative function could be assigned to 24 of the 55 open reading frames. No toxins or virulence factors could be identified based on bioinformatics analyses. Our data also suggest that ϕCD38-2 replicates as a circular plasmid in C. difficile lysogens. Upon introduction of ϕCD38-2 into a NAP1/027 representative isolate, up to 1.6- and 2.1-fold more TcdA and TcdB, respectively, were detected by immunodot blotting in culture supernatants of the lysogen than in the wild-type strain. In addition, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the mRNA levels of all five pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) genes were higher in the CD274 lysogen. Our study provides the first genomic sequence of a new pac-type Siphoviridae phage family member infecting C. difficile and brings further evidence supporting the role of prophages in toxin production in this important nosocomial pathogen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.