ReviewAnnual review of neuroscience2011
Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine.
Review in Annual review of neuroscience, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 209 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 362 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.Pediatrics · 2014Pooled it
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Applied to the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortices in Smokers Modifies Cognitive Circuits Implicated in the Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2020Trial
- The effect of nicotine patches on craving in the brain: A functional MRI study on heavy smokers.Medicine · 2018Trial
- Neural Signatures of Cognitive Flexibility and Reward Sensitivity Following Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation in Dependent Smokers: A Randomized Trial.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Trial
- A translational investigation targeting stress-reactivity and prefrontal cognitive control with guanfacine for smoking cessation.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2015Trial
- Methylphenidate does not influence smoking-reinforced responding or attentional performance in adult smokers with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Spatially Resolved Multi-Omics Reveals Brain-Kidney Compartmentalization and Region-Specific Molecular Reprogramming After Acute Nicotine Exposure.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Addiction and Therapeutic Strategies for Smoking Cessation.Biology · 2026Review
- Astrocytes in the Ventral Tegmental Area Are Involved in Cotinine Self-Administration in Male Wistar Rats.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- Complete nicotine biosynthesis reshapes the understanding of a classic alkaloid metabolic pathway.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between nicotine-dependent patients and delirium in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study using a large clinical database.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- The link between tobacco smoking and susceptibility to misinformation.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- A medial habenula neural circuit controlling anxiety-like behaviors in response to acute stress.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Structural insights into the progressive recovery of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from nicotine-induced desensitization.Science advances · 2025Article
- Nicotine induces abnormal motor coupling through sensitization of a mechanosensory circuit in Caenorhabditis elegans.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Haplotype Variants, Personality, and Nicotine Usage in Women.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the effect of Arvcf reveals an essential role on regulating the mesolimbic dopamine signaling-mediated nicotine reward.Communications biology · 2025Article
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Nicotine is the principal addictive component that drives continued tobacco use despite users' knowledge of the harmful consequences. The initiation of addiction involves the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, which contributes to the processing of rewarding sensory stimuli during the overall shaping of successful behaviors. Acting mainly through nicotinic receptors containing the α4 and β2 subunits, often in combination with the α6 subunit, nicotine increases the firing rate and the phasic bursts by midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuroadaptations arise during chronic exposure to nicotine, producing an altered brain condition that requires the continued presence of nicotine to be maintained. When nicotine is removed, a withdrawal syndrome develops. The expression of somatic withdrawal symptoms depends mainly on the α5, α2, and β4 (and likely α3) nicotinic subunits involving the epithalamic habenular complex and its targets. Thus, nicotine taps into diverse neural systems and an array of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes to influence reward, addiction, and withdrawal.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.