ArticleMolecular vision2011
Multiple endpoint analysis of BAC-preserved and unpreserved antiallergic eye drops on a 3D-reconstituted corneal epithelial model.
Article in Molecular vision, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Toxicity Evaluation of Bepotastine Besilate 1.5% Preservative-Free Eye Drops Vs Olopatadine Hydrochloride 0.2% Bak-Preserved Eye Drops in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Trial
- Drug-free hyaluronic acid-microneedle with unexpected inhibition activity on benzalkonium chloride-induced corneal inflammation and stromal scarring.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- In Vitro Toxicity of Cetalkonium Chloride on Corneal Epithelial Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Topical Ocular Drug Delivery: The Impact of Permeation Enhancers.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Benzalkonium chloride greatly deteriorates the biological activities of human corneal stroma fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- The new preservative-free ophthalmic formulation of bilastine 0.6% preserves the ocular surface epithelial integrity in a comparative in vitro study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cord blood-derived biologics lead to robust axonal regeneration in benzalkonium chloride-injured mouse corneas by modulating the Il-17 pathway and neuropeptide Y.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Challenging the "Topical Medications-First" Approach to Glaucoma: A Treatment Paradigm in Evolution.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2023Article
- Benzalkonium Chloride, Even at Low Concentrations, Deteriorates Intracellular Metabolic Capacity in Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions.Eye (London, England) · 2022Review
- Quantitative evaluation of lipid layer thickness and blinking in children with allergic conjunctivitis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2021Article
- Delayed Epithelial Healing with Corneal Edema and Haze After Photorefractive Keratectomy Using Intraoperative Mitomycin C.International medical case reports journal · 2021Article
- Comparison of cytotoxicities and anti-allergic effects of topical ocular dual-action anti-allergic agents.BMC ophthalmology · 2019Article
- The use of preservatives in dry eye drops.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
- Real-life results of switching from preserved to preservative-free artificial tears containing hyaluronate in patients with dry eye disease.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Article
- Topical cis-urocanic acid prevents ocular surface irritation in both IgE -independent and -mediated rat model.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2017Article
- Comparison of cytotoxicities and wound healing effects of diquafosol tetrasodium and hyaluronic acid on human corneal epithelial cells.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology · 2017Article
- In vitro effects of preserved and unpreserved anti-allergic drugs on human corneal epithelial cells.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2014Article
- Development of a curved, stratified, in vitro model to assess ocular biocompatibility.PloS one · 2014Article
- Comparative assessment of the cytotoxicity of six anti-inflammatory eyedrops in four cultured ocular surface cell lines, as determined by cell viability scores.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo compare the effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-preserved and unpreserved antiallergic eye drops on the human 3D-reconstituted corneal epithelial model (3D-HCE).
methods3D-HCE were treated for 24 h followed or not by a 24 h post-incubation recovery period (24 h+24 h) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.01% BAC, unpreserved formulations of ketotifen, N Acetyl-Aspartyl Glutamic Acid (NAAGA), cromoglycate, or BAC-preserved commercial formulations of ketotifen, olopatadine, epinastine, and levocabastine. The 3D-HCE viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) test at 24 h and 24 h+24 h. At 24 h, the numbers of Cluster of Differentiation 54 (CD54)- and Ki67-immunopositive cells as well as the number of apoptotic deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were evaluated on 3D-HCE frozen sections. The expression of the tight junction-associated protein occludin was also assessed using fluorescence confocal microscopy on flat-mounted 3D-HCE epithelia.
resultsThe MTT and the TUNEL tests revealed a significant decrease of cell viability and an increased apoptosis in the superficial layers of the 3D-HCE only when treated with BAC-containing formulations and in a BAC concentration-dependent manner. The expression of CD54 and Ki67 in the basal layers was also increased in this group. A concentration-dependent disorganization of occludin distribution in the epithelium treated with BAC-containing solutions was also observed. The unpreserved formulations induced effects comparable to the control.
conclusionsBAC-preserved solutions decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, they induced CD54 expression, proliferation in the basal layers, and changes in the distribution of occludin, which is consistent with a disorganization of the tight-junctions and suggests the loss of the epithelial barrier function. On the contrary, the unpreserved solutions did not impair cell structures and viability, suggesting a better tolerance for the ocular surface. As allergic patients often exhibit impaired and inflammatory ocular surface, BAC-free compounds should be the first choice when treating allergic conjunctivitis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
21437201PMC3062522W2138248032What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.