ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2011
Association of tobacco habits, including bidi smoking, with overall and site-specific cancer incidence: results from the Mumbai cohort study.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Smokeless Tobacco Use and Waterpipe Smoking and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Epidemiological Evidence.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Pooled it
- Association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cavity cancer risk in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2021Pooled it
- Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer: A systematic review.The Indian journal of medical research · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Non-cigarette tobacco cessation support in England: current provision, confidence, and barriers identified in a cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals involved in smoking cessation support.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Brief Report: Translating Selection Criteria for Lung Cancer Screening to an Indian Context-An Analysis From a Tertiary Health Centre.JTO clinical and research reports · 2026Article
- Association of bidi smoking and tobacco-use patterns with cancer risk in India: a multicentre unmatched case-control study (2024-2025).The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Smokeless Tobacco and the Incidence of Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review Study.Addiction & health · 2025Review
- Molecular and cell phenotype programs in oral epithelial cells directed by co-exposure to arsenic and smokeless tobacco.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Non-cigarette Tobacco Use and Stroke Among West Africans: Evidence From the SIREN Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- The global burden of lung cancer: current status and future trends.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2023Review
- Influence of Oral Dipping Tombak Smokeless Tobacco on Coagulation Profile and Platelet Counts.Hematology reports · 2022Article
- A Study of Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Reference to Tobacco Use, Gender, and Subsite Distribution.South Asian journal of cancer · 2022Article
- Substance Use and Misuse among Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the United States, 2015-2019: Prevalence, Association, and Moderation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Association of Immigration Status and Chinese and South Asian Ethnicity With Incidence of Head and Neck Cancer.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2020Article
- Pristimerin induces apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via GOncology letters · 2019Article
- Longitudinal study of adolescent tobacco use and tobacco control policies in India.BMC public health · 2018Article
- School workers' knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to use of Toombak: a cross sectional study from Khartoum state, Sudan.BMC oral health · 2017Article
- Estimating the carbohydrate content of various forms of tobacco by phenol-sulfuric acid method.Journal of education and health promotion · 2017Article
- Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in Kerala, India--Karunagappally cohort study.World journal of gastroenterology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveBidis are hand-rolled cigarettes commonly smoked in South Asia and are marketed to Western populations as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. This study examined the association between bidis and other forms of tobacco use and cancer incidence in an urban developing country population.
methodsUsing data from the large, well-characterized Mumbai cohort study, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from Cox proportional hazards regression models in order to compare the relative effect of various forms of tobacco use on cancer incidence.
resultsDuring 649,228 person-years of follow-up 1,267 incident cancers occurred in 87,222 male cohort members. Incident oral cancer in bidi smokers (HR = 3.55; 95% CI = 2.40,5.24) was 42% higher than in cigarette smokers (HR = 2.50;95% CI = 1.65,3.78). For all respiratory and intrathoracic organs combined, the increase was 69% (HR = 5.54; 95% CI = 3.46,8.87 vs. HR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.99,5.39); for lung and larynx, the increases were 35 and 112%, respectively. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with cancers of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx, digestive, respiratory, and intrathoracic organs.
conclusionsDespite marketing claims to the contrary, we found that smokeless tobacco use and bidi smoking are at least as harmful as cigarette smoking for all incident cancers and are associated with increased risk of oral and respiratory/intrathoracic cancers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.