ArticleNature2011
In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes.
Article in Nature, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 322 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
322 citing papers in PubMed, 725 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Fertility: Ethical and Psychosocial Dimensions of Fertility Preservation in Children and Adolescents.Cureus · 2026Review
- Post-translational modification of proteins in the human testis development pathway.Human reproduction update · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Reproductive Bioengineering: Integrating Fertility Diagnostics, Organ-on-Chip Systems, Cryobiology and Epigenetic Safety for Precision Reproductive Medicine.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chitosan and Chitosan Oligosaccharide Enhance Cryopreservation of Rabbit Testicular Tissue.Biology · 2026Article
- PRMT5 inhibition promotes cross-species spermatogonia expansion and suppresses differentiation.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2026Article
- Molecular interplay between sperm and oocyte: a narrative review.Human reproduction update · 2026Review
- An adverse outcome pathway-aligned ex vivo mouse testicular organ culture platform for mechanistic integration of multi-level endpoints with recovery assessment.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Reconstitution of spermatogenesis and continuous generation of functional haploid germ cells in mouse testicular organoids.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Germ cells are essential for testicular morphogenesis and functional reconstruction in a porcine xenograft model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From Preservation to Creation: The Expanding Frontier of Fertility Preservation - Proceedings of the 2Facts, views & vision in ObGyn · 2026Article
- Generation of functionally competent testicular somatic cells from pluripotent stem cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- Reverse transcriptase inhibitors enable the generation of fertile spermatids from fetal mouse testes in vitro.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Maturation-associated changes in Sertoli cells followingFrontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Stem Cells and Wildlife Conservation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- A simplified two-dimensional culture system supports meiotic progression during mouse spermatogenesis in vitro.PloS one · 2026Article
- Testicular organoid models in male reproductive toxicology: advances, applications, and future perspectives.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Ex Vivo Spatiotemporal Characterization of Spermatogenesis in Mouse Testicular Organoids.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Gene therapy for non-obstructive azoospermia: therapeutic avenues and translational pathway to clinical application.Frontiers in genome editing · 2026Review
- Restoring fertility with a lipid nanoparticle-mRNA platform: A new era in male germline therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A primordial germ cell-like-cell platform enables CRISPRi screen for epigenetic fertility modifiers.EMBO reports · 2025Article
262 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is one of the most complex and longest processes of sequential cell proliferation and differentiation in the body, taking more than a month from spermatogonial stem cells, through meiosis, to sperm formation. The whole process, therefore, has never been reproduced in vitro in mammals, nor in any other species with a very few exceptions in some particular types of fish. Here we show that neonatal mouse testes which contain only gonocytes or primitive spermatogonia as germ cells can produce spermatids and sperm in vitro with serum-free culture media. Spermatogenesis was maintained over 2 months in tissue fragments positioned at the gas-liquid interphase. The obtained spermatids and sperm resulted in healthy and reproductively competent offspring through microinsemination. In addition, neonatal testis tissues were cryopreserved and, after thawing, showed complete spermatogenesis in vitro. Our organ culture method could be applicable through further refinements to a variety of mammalian species, which will serve as a platform for future clinical application as well as mechanistic understanding of spermatogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.