ArticleNucleic acids research2011
Diversity of bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin systems: a comprehensive search and functional analysis of novel families.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 242 papers.
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242 citing papers in PubMed, 397 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acquisition and erosion of toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- XRE-type transcriptional regulator ProR controls prodigiosin synthesis inSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- An ancestral transmembrane transcription factor couples cell envelope regulation and the SOS response in Caulobacter crescentus.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Structural mechanism of SAM-AMP and SAM-AMPNature communications · 2026Article
- Toxin dimerization and a distinct DNA-binding architecture define chromosomal Phd-Doc regulation.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Insights into toxin-antitoxin systems in the genusApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- NovelInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A Programmable Finite-Replicated Organism Framework for Balanced Safety and Functionality.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Characterization of a Gonococcal HicAB Toxin-Antitoxin System Capable of Causing Bacteriostatic Growth Arrest.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Antitoxin control of optimal transcriptional repression in the atypical HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system from Proteus vulgaris.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A quinolone N-oxide antibiotic selectively targets Neisseria gonorrhoeae via its toxin-antitoxin system.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Analysis of co-occurrence of type II toxin-antitoxin systems and antibiotic resistance determinants inmSystems · 2025Article
- Snapshot of Defense Systems in Multidrug ResistantmicroPublication biology · 2025Article
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions.EcoSal Plus · 2024Review
- RES-Xre toxin-antitoxin locusEmerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- The SpxA1-TenA toxin-antitoxin system regulates epigenetic variations of Streptococcus pneumoniae by targeting protein synthesis.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- The HicAB System: Characteristics and Biological Roles of an Underappreciated Toxin-Antitoxin System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Chromosomal Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems May Enhance Bacterial Fitness of a Hybrid PathogenicToxins · 2024Article
- Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Reflect Community Interactions Through Horizontal Gene Transfer.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are generally composed of two genes organized in an operon, encoding a labile antitoxin and a stable toxin. They were first discovered on plasmids where they contribute to plasmid stability by a phenomenon denoted as 'addiction', and subsequently in bacterial chromosomes. To discover novel families of antitoxins and toxins, we developed a bioinformatics approach based on the 'guilt by association' principle. Extensive experimental validation in Escherichia coli of predicted antitoxins and toxins increased significantly the number of validated systems and defined novel toxin and antitoxin families. Our data suggest that toxin families as well as antitoxin families originate from distinct ancestors that were assembled multiple times during evolution. Toxin and antitoxin families found on plasmids tend to be promiscuous and widespread, indicating that TA systems move through horizontal gene transfer. We propose that due to their addictive properties, TA systems are likely to be maintained in chromosomes even though they do not necessarily confer an advantage to their bacterial hosts. Therefore, addiction might play a major role in the evolutionary success of TA systems both on mobile genetic elements and in bacterial chromosomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.