Trial reportBlood2011
Clonal B cells in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia contain an expanded anergic CD21low B-cell subset.
Trial report in Blood, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 204 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atypical B cells are part of an alternative lineage of B cells that participates in responses to vaccination and infection in humans.Cell reports · 2021Trial
- The Antigen Presenting Potential of CD21Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Recovery of hepatitis C specific T-cell responses after rituximab therapy in hepatitis C mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.Journal of medical virology · 2018Trial
- Longitudinal dynamics of the HIV-specific B cell response during intermittent treatment of primary HIV infection.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to Leishmania infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- From Antigenic Drive to Clonal Autonomy: An Update on Molecular Mechanisms of HCV-Related B-Cell Lymphomagenesis.Cancers · 2026Review
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Human CD21Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Germinal-centre and extrafollicular B cell pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Immunophenotypic skewing of B cells toward IgD⁻CD27⁻IgG⁺ subtype and metabolic attenuation in colorectal cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Hepatitis virus-associated B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involves dysregulated epigenetic and RNA-mediated regulatory gene expression and altered snoRNA transcription.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mature tertiary lymphoid structures linked to HPV status and anti-PD-1 based chemoimmunotherapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Pediatric T cell and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Cryoproteins in Non-HCV-Related Autoimmune Disorders: A Serious Cold-Induced Problem.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Innate Immune Receptors as Dynamic Modulators of Extrafollicular Autoimmune B Cell Response.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Functional validation of a novel STAT3 'variant of unknown significance' identifies a new case of STAT3 GOF syndrome and reveals broad immune cell defects.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- A guide to adaptive immune memory.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- B cells expressing mutated IGHV1-69-encoded antigen receptors related to virus neutralization show lymphoma-like transcriptomes in patients with chronic HCV infection.Hepatology communications · 2024Article
- Atypical memory B cells increase in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer regardless of lymph node involvement.BMC immunology · 2024Article
- Cartilage destruction in early rheumatoid arthritis patients correlates with CD21Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with the B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We have previously reported that HCV(+)MC(+) patients have clonal expansions of hypermutated, rheumatoid factor-bearing marginal zone-like IgM(+)CD27(+) peripheral B cells using the V(H)1-69 gene. Here we coupled transcriptional profiling with immunophenotypic and functional studies to ascertain these cells' role in MC pathogenesis. Despite their fundamental role in MC disease, these B cells have overall transcriptional features of anergy and apoptosis instead of neoplastic transformation. Highly up-regulated genes include SOX5, CD11C, galectin-1, and FGR, similar to a previously described FCRL4(+) memory B-cell subset and to an "exhausted," anergic CD21(low) memory B-cell subset in HIV(+) patients. Moreover, HCV(+)MC(+) patients' clonal peripheral B cells are enriched with CD21(low), CD11c(+), FCRL4(high), IL-4R(low) memory B cells. In contrast to the functional, rheumatoid factor-secreting CD27(+)CD21(high) subset, the CD27(+)CD21(low) subpopulation exhibits decreased calcium mobilization and does not efficiently differentiate into rheumatoid factor-secreting plasmablasts, suggesting that a large proportion of HCV(+)MC(+) patients' clonally expanded peripheral B cells is prone to anergy and/or apoptosis. Down-regulation of multiple activation pathways may represent a homeostatic mechanism attenuating otherwise uncontrolled stimulation of circulating HCV-containing immune complexes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.