ArticleJournal of periodontology2011
Azithromycin concentrations in blood and gingival crevicular fluid after systemic administration.
Article in Journal of periodontology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotics in periodontal treatment: an umbrella review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Disease severity, debridement approach and timing of drug modify outcomes of adjunctive azithromycin in non-surgical management of chronic periodontitis: a multivariate meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2019Pooled it
- Systemic Azithromycin as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Stage III/IV, Grade C Periodontitis: 12-Month Clinical, Microbiological and Cytokine Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Trial
- Effect of gingivitis on azithromycin concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid.Journal of periodontology · 2012Trial
- Azithromycin buccal patch in treatment of chronic periodontitis.Indian journal of pharmacologyTrial
- Targeting Bacterial Infections in Periodontal Disease: From Conventional Antibiotics to Next-Generation Therapeutics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Biopolymeric Composite Films of Hyaluronic Acid and Gellan Gum for Localized and Sustained Azithromycin Delivery in Periodontal Therapy.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- A comparison between venous blood sampling and capillary volumetric absorptive microsampling for antibiotics levels monitoring in individuals with and without periodontal disease.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Electrophysiological and Proarrhythmic Effects of Hydroxychloroquine Challenge in Guinea-Pig Hearts.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2021Article
- Effect of azithromycin on a red complex polymicrobial biofilm.Journal of oral microbiology · 2017Article
- Relative effectiveness of azithromycin in killing intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2016Article
- Effects of azithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole plus amoxicillin on an in vitro polymicrobial subgingival biofilm model.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Article
- Azithromycin suppresses P. gingivalis LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.Clinical oral investigations · 2015Article
- Resolution of localized chronic periodontitis associated with longstanding calculus deposits.Case reports in dentistry · 2014Article
- Antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties of azithromycin treatment implications for periodontitis.Inflammopharmacology · 2013Review
- Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts.Periodontology 2000 · 2013Review
- Azithromycin kills invasive Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in gingival epithelial cells.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAzithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is active against several periodontal pathogens. Macrolides are taken up and concentrated inside gingival fibroblasts, which could influence their pharmacokinetics. This study tests the hypothesis that steady-state levels of azithromycin are higher and more sustained in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) than in serum.
methodsFour healthy patients received an initial dose of 500-mg azithromycin followed by 250-mg doses on each of the next 2 days. Serum and GCF samples were obtained 2 hours after the last dose on day 2, and on days 4 and 7. GCF samples were collected from maxillary posterior sites with paper strips. The strips were pooled and eluted with high-purity water. After extraction, the azithromycin content of the serum samples and GCF eluates was determined with an agar diffusion bioassay.
resultsOn days 2, 4, and 7, the concentrations of azithromycin in blood serum were 0.22 ± 0.02, 0.08 ± 0.02, and 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The concentrations in GCF were 8.82 ± 1.25, 7.90 ± 1.72, and 7.38 ± 1.15 μg/mL, respectively. Mean GCF levels were significantly higher than mean serum levels (P ≤0.02; paired t test).
conclusionsThe findings demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic profiles of azithromycin are different in GCF and serum. At steady state, azithromycin concentrations in GCF were higher and more sustained than those in serum. Based on previous studies, the levels observed in GCF were above the minimal inhibitory concentration for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.