ArticleArteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology2011
C-reactive protein polarizes human macrophages to an M1 phenotype and inhibits transformation to the M2 phenotype.
Article in Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Hot Water Extract ofNutrients · 2019Trial
- Aspirin in venous leg ulcer study (ASPiVLU): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials · 2016Trial
- Fatty acid species differentially regulate macrophage polarization and oxidative stress with secondary effects on macrophage-HSC crosstalk.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Monomeric C-reactive Protein Exacerbates Neuronal Injury and Enhances Microglial Activation after Global Cerebral Ischemia in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Construction of a C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index-based prediction model for all-cause mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Dialog between mantle cell lymphoma cells and lymphoma-associated macrophages underlies ibrutinib resistance.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- PCSK9 and its relationship with HMGB1, TLR4, and TNFα in non-statin and statin-treated coronary artery disease patients.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Article
- Targeting Inflammatory Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Resolution Mediators.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Obesity prolongs the pro-inflammatory response and attenuates bone healing on titanium implants.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Inverse association between serum klotho levels and C-reactive protein levels in the US population: a cross-sectional study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Article
- Exosomes as Regulators of Macrophages in Cardiovascular Diseases.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Stroke-Induced Renal Dysfunction: Underlying Mechanisms and Challenges of the Brain-Kidney Axis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Exosomal Drug Delivery Systems: A Novel Therapy Targeting PD-1 in Septic-ALI.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2024Article
- Culprit lesion characteristics and prognosis in STEMI with cold onset: an OCT study.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2024Article
- Article
- C-reactive protein is a predictor for lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage.European journal of medical research · 2024Observational
- Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2024Article
- The association between C-reactive protein levels and the risk of kidney stones: a population-based study.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- CRP deposition in human abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with transcriptome alterations toward aneurysmal pathogenesis: insights fromFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis. Monocyte-macrophages are crucial in atherosclerosis. Monocytes can develop into subsets: classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated cells. Several studies point to a proinflammatory role for C-reactive protein (CRP). Because there is a paucity of data on the effects of CRP on macrophage phenotype, we tested effects of CRP on macrophage polarization. METHODS AND
resultsMonocytes were incubated with CRP (0 to 50 μg/mL) and differentiated into macrophages for 7 days. Phenotypic characterization of M1 and M2 macrophages was performed using flow cytometry. CRP treatment resulted in increased population of M1 macrophages (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]/interleukin [IL]-12/C-C chemokine receptor 2, TNF/IL-12/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, or TNF/IL-1/IL-12). These effects were not abrogated by polymixin B or small interfering RNA to Toll-like receptor-4, but they were abrogated by boiled CRP. Administration of human CRP to rats in vivo increased polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype compared with human serum albumin. When macrophages were primed to the M2 phenotype with IL-4, addition of CRP resulted in significantly increased secretion of TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1 and conversion of macrophages from the M2 to the M1 phenotype. CRP failed to prime macrophages to the M1 phenotype in presence of CD32/CD64 small interfering RNA or dominant-negative nuclear factor kappa B.
conclusionCollectively, these results further support a role for CRP in promoting differentiation of human monocytes toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.