ArticleAIDS (London, England)2011
The cost of providing comprehensive HIV treatment in PEPFAR-supported programs.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Free antiretrovirals as a key tool against the HIV pandemic: A systematic review.HIV medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cost of Differentiated HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Delivery Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Pooled it
- Estimators Used in Multisite Healthcare Costing Studies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Simulation Study.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2019Pooled it
- Is there scope for cost savings and efficiency gains in HIV services? A systematic review of the evidence from low- and middle-income countries.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2014Pooled it
- Efficacy of behavioral interventions to increase condom use and reduce sexually transmitted infections: a meta-analysis, 1991 to 2010.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2011Pooled it
- Costs of streamlined HIV care delivery in rural Ugandan and Kenyan clinics in the SEARCH Studys.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Trial
- Efficacy of an enhanced linkage to HIV care intervention at improving linkage to HIV care and achieving viral suppression following home-based HIV testing in rural Uganda: study protocol for the Ekkubo/PATH cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Implementation and Operational Research: Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy and Isoniazid Prophylaxis to Reduce Tuberculosis and Death in People Living With HIV in Botswana.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy at Different Points in TB Treatment in HIV-TB Coinfected Ambulatory Patients in South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Estimated cost-savings from integrated care for HIV, diabetes and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a cost-minimisation analysis.Global health action · 2025Article
- Potential Clinical and Economic Impacts of Cutbacks in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Program in South Africa : A Modeling Analysis.Annals of internal medicine · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of viral load testing for transitioning antiretroviral therapy-experienced children to dolutegravir in South Africa: a modelling analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Article
- Costs of Point-of-Care Viral Load Testing for Adults and Children Living with HIV in Kenya.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Optimizing infant HIV diagnosis with additional screening at immunization clinics in three sub-Saharan African settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness of a 12 country-intervention to scale up short course TB preventive therapy among people living with HIV.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Article
- Protein-protein interactions of human viruses.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2020Review
- Costs and economies of scale in the accelerated program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe.PloS one · 2020Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPEPFAR, national governments, and other stakeholders are investing unprecedented resources to provide HIV treatment in developing countries. This study reports empirical data on costs and cost trends in a large sample of HIV treatment sites.
designIn 2006-2007, we conducted cost analyses at 43 PEPFAR-supported outpatient clinics providing free comprehensive HIV treatment in Botswana, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Vietnam.
methodsWe collected data on HIV treatment costs over consecutive 6-month periods starting from scale-up of dedicated HIV treatment services at each site. The study included all patients receiving HIV treatment and care at study sites [62,512 antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 44,394 pre-ART patients]. Outcomes were costs per patient and total program costs, subdivided by major cost categories.
resultsMedian annual economic costs were US$ 202 (2009 USD) for pre-ART patients and US$ 880 for ART patients. Excluding antiretrovirals, per patient ART costs were US$ 298. Care for newly initiated ART patients cost 15-20% more than for established patients. Per patient costs dropped rapidly as sites matured, with per patient ART costs dropping 46.8% between first and second 6-month periods after the beginning of scale-up, and an additional 29.5% the following year. PEPFAR provided 79.4% of funding for service delivery, and national governments provided 15.2%.
conclusionTreatment costs vary widely between sites, and high early costs drop rapidly as sites mature. Treatment costs vary between countries and respond to changes in antiretroviral regimen costs and the package of services. Whereas cost reductions may allow near-term program growth, programs need to weigh the trade-off between improving services for current patients and expanding coverage to new patients.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.