Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21411036›Full record

ReviewJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2011

Conceptual and measurement challenges in research on cognitive reserve.

Richard N Jones, Jennifer Manly, M Maria Glymour, Dorene M Rentz, Angela L Jefferson, Yaakov Stern

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05593172 (Different Courses of Change in Connectivity After mTBI Depending on Cognitive Reserve and How This is Related to Symptoms and Symptom Resolution?), which is not on this map. Cited by 158 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
158citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05593172 completednot on this mapstarted 2015, after this paper: background citation

Different Courses of Change in Connectivity After mTBI Depending on Cognitive Reserve and How This is Related to Symptoms and Symptom Resolution?

TypeobservationalSponsorDanderyd HospitalRan2015 to 2016Enrolled30ConditionsMild Traumatic Brain Injury
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

158 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Cognitive reserve in individuals with frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2024
    Pooled it
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  10. Cognitive reserve against vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A scoping review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
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  14. Review
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  18. Cognitive impairment and contexts: examining the intersections of social activity participation and neighborhood perceptions.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Richard N JonesDivision of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA. jones@hrca.harvard.edu
Jennifer Manly
M Maria Glymour
Dorene M Rentz
Angela L Jefferson
Yaakov Stern

Funding

The Role of Inflammation in the Pathophysiology of Delirium and its Associated Long-Term Cognitive DeclineP01AG031720 · NIA · HEBREW REHABILITATION CENTER FOR AGED · PI DICKERSON, BRADFORD C · 2010 to 2022
$26.7M
Imaging of Cognition, Learning and Memory in AgingR01AG026158 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI STERN, YAAKOV · 2004 to 2021
$10.9M
Cardiac integrity and the aging brainK23AG030962 · NIA · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI JEFFERSON, ANGELA L. · 2007 to 2011
$864k
Conference on Advanced Psychometric Methods in Cognitive Aging ResearchR13AG030995 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI MUNGAS, DAN M. · 2008 to 2022
$620k
NIA NIH HHS K23 AG030962NIA NIH HHS P01 AG031720NIA NIH HHS P01AG031720NIA NIH HHS R01 AG026158NIA NIH HHS R13 AG030995NIA NIH HHS R13AG030995
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive reserve, broadly conceived, encompasses aspects of brain structure and function that optimize individual performance in the presence of injury or pathology. Reserve is defined as a feature of brain structure and/or function that modifies the relationship between injury or pathology and performance on neuropsychological tasks or clinical outcomes. Reserve is challenging to study for two reasons. The first is: reserve is a hypothetical construct, and direct measures of reserve are not available. Proxy variables and latent variable models are used to attempt to operationalize reserve. The second is: in vivo measures of neuronal pathology are not widely available. It is challenging to develop and test models involving a risk factor (injury or pathology), a moderator (reserve) and an outcome (performance or clinical status) when neither the risk factor nor the moderator are measured directly. We discuss approaches for quantifying reserve with latent variable models, with emphasis on their application in the analysis of data from observational studies. Increasingly latent variable models are used to generate composites of cognitive reserve based on multiple proxies. We review the theoretical and ontological status of latent variable modeling approaches to cognitive reserve, and suggest research strategies for advancing the field.

Indexed as

Neuropsychological TestsAgingCognitive ReserveHumansModels, NeurologicalResearch DesignRisk FactorsTerminology as Topic

Identifiers

PMID21411036
PMCPMC3289742

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.