Trial reportPloS one2011
Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease--a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 93 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled, Study Evaluating Immunity and Gluten-sensitivity by Inoculating Celiac Disease Patients With the Human Hookworm Necator Americanus.
Combining Necator Americanus With Trace Gluten to Restore Tolerance in Coeliac Disease: a Pilot Clinical and a Detailed in Vitro Immunological Study.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gastrointestinal and Extraintestinal Symptoms Among Subjects With Celiac Disease Undergoing a Dose-Specified Gluten Challenge: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- Guideline
- Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2012Pooled it
- Vaccination of human participants with attenuated Necator americanus hookworm larvae and human challenge in Australia: a dose-finding study and randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2020Trial
- Epitope-specific immunotherapy targeting CD4-positive T cells in coeliac disease: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 studies.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2017Trial
- Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Trial
- Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- Beyond gluten-free diet: Novel therapeutic frontiers in celiac disease armamentarium.World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Review
- From gluten to therapeutics: molecular mechanisms of celiac disease and emerging alternatives to the gluten-free diet.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Is There a Future Without Gluten Restrictions for Celiac Patients? Update on Current Treatments.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Celiac Disease-Narrative Review on Progress in Celiac Disease.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Clinical challenges and technological breakthroughs in helminthic therapy for diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Helminths in alternative therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease.Intestinal research · 2025Review
- Beyond the gluten-free diet: Innovations in celiac disease therapeutics.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Galectin from Trichinella spiralis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating the intestinal microbiota.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Celiac disease: Pathogenesis, disease management and new insights into the herbal-based treatments.Narra J · 2023Review
- Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD).Biomedicines · 2023Review
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsThe association between hygiene and prevalence of autoimmune disease has been attributed in part to enteric helminth infection. A pilot study of experimental infection with the hookworm Necator americanus was undertaken among a group of otherwise healthy people with celiac disease to test the potential of the helminth to suppress the immunopathology induced by gluten.
methodsIn a 21-week, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we explored the effects of N. americanus infection in 20 healthy, helminth-naïve adults with celiac disease well controlled by diet. Staged cutaneous inoculations with 10 and 5 infective 3(rd) stage hookworm larvae or placebo were performed at week-0 and -12 respectively. At week-20, a five day oral wheat challenge equivalent to 16 grams of gluten per day was undertaken. Primary outcomes included duodenal Marsh score and quantification of the immunodominant α-gliadin peptide (QE65)-specific systemic interferon-γ-producing cells by ELISpot pre- and post-wheat challenge.
resultsEnteric colonisation with hookworm established in all 10 cases, resulting in transiently painful enteritis in 5. Chronic infection was asymptomatic, with no effect on hemoglobin levels. Although some duodenal eosinophilia was apparent, hookworm-infected mucosa retained a healthy appearance. In both groups, wheat challenge caused deterioration in both primary and several secondary outcomes.
conclusionsExperimental N. americanus infection proved to be safe and enabled testing its effect on a range of measures of the human autoimmune response. Infection imposed no obvious benefit on pathology.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00671138.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.