ArticleAIDS research and human retroviruses2011
Up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in dendritic cells in response to HIV type 1 and coinfection with opportunistic pathogens.
Article in AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Chemokine Receptors in the Early and Advanced Stages of HIV Infection Aggravated byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediated Immune Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Association of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Tuberculosis in HIV-Positive Participants.Epigenomes · 2023Article
- Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors.Viruses · 2022Review
- Association of Plasma Eicosanoid Levels With Immune, Viral, and Cognitive Outcomes in People With HIV.Neurology · 2022Article
- Sex specific effect of alcohol on hepatic plasmacytoid dendritic cells.International immunopharmacology · 2021Article
- Innate Immune Response Against HIV-1.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2021Review
- Effect of Free Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Ex Vivo Blood Mononuclear Cells.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2019Article
- Observational
- Plasmacytoid DCs From Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome Are Transcriptionally Primed for Enhanced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Ancient Acquired Elements Still Shaping Innate Immune Responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Regulation of type I interferon responses by mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.Redox biology · 2017Article
- Article
- HIV-1-derived single-stranded RNA acts as activator of human neutrophils.Immunologic research · 2016Article
- HIV-1-neutrophil interactions trigger neutrophil activation and Toll-like receptor expression.Immunologic research · 2016Article
- HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals show alteration in TLR expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo: An innate immune quiescence status?Immunologic research · 2016Article
- The role of dendritic cells in driving genital tract inflammation and HIV transmission risk: are there opportunities to intervene?Innate immunity · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The ability to trigger an innate immune response against opportunistic pathogens associated with HIV-1 infection is an important aspect of AIDS pathogenesis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in innate immunity against pathogens, but in HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections, the regulation of TLR expression has not been studied. In this context, we have evaluated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and myeloid dendritic cells of HIV-1 patients with or without opportunistic infections. Forty-nine HIV-1-infected individuals were classified according to viral load, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and the presence or absence of opportunistic infections, and 21 healthy subjects served as controls. Increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was observed in myeloid dendritic cells of HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections (without HAART), while TLR4 increased in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, compared to both HIV-1 without opportunistic infections and healthy subjects. Moreover, TLR2 expression was higher in patients with opportunistic infections without HAART and up-regulation of TLR expression in HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections was more pronounced in dendritic cells derived from individuals coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results indicate that TLR expression in innate immune cells is up-regulated in patients with a high HIV-1 load and coinfected with opportunistic pathogens. We suggest that modulation of TLRs expression represents a mechanism that promotes HIV-1 replication and AIDS pathogenesis in patients coinfected with opportunistic pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.