ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2011
Racial differences in the association of education with physical and cognitive function in older blacks and whites.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trans-Ethnic Meta-Analysis of Interactions Between Genetics and Early-Life Socioeconomic Context on Memory Performance and Decline in Older Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Race-related disparities in 5-year cognitive level and change in untrained ACTIVE participants.Journal of aging and health · 2013Trial
- Unfavorable Social Determinants of Health Are Associated with Lower Cognitive Performance in Non-Hispanic Black Men - The HABS-HD Study.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2026Article
- Association of residential neighborhood disadvantage with amyloid PET positivity among cognitively impaired individuals.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2026Article
- Association Between Education Attainment and Hypertension Among Community-Dwelling Older Black and White Adults: The National Health & Trends Study.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with muscle function in patients with head and neck cancer: a prospective cohort study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Article
- The predictive power of employment trajectories on cognition of older adults: Evidence from Chile.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Measuring the Interrelationships Between Cognitive Performance, Race/Ethnicity, Discrimination, Health Behaviors, and Physiological Dysregulation: A Path Analysis of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Journal of aging and health · 2025Article
- The Effects of APOE Alleles, Cognitive Activities, and Social Activities on Cognitive Decline in African Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Racial Differences in Older Adult's Mental Health and Cognitive Symptomatology: Identifying Subgroups Using Multiple-Group Latent Class Analysis.Journal of aging and health · 2024Article
- Motor and Nonmotor Measures and Declining Daily Physical Activity in Older Adults.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Limited Physical Functioning in United States Adults with Arthritis: Findings from the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Subjective cognitive concerns, APOE ε4, PTSD symptoms, and risk for dementia among older veterans.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- The time course of motor and cognitive decline in older adults and their associations with brain pathologies: a multicohort study.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2024Article
- Educational Attainment and Later-Life Cognitive Function in High- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence From the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Income, wealth, and Black-White disparities in cognition.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Targeted Lipidomics To Measure Phospholipids and Sphingomyelins in Plasma: A Pilot Study To Understand the Impact of Race/Ethnicity in Alzheimer's Disease.Analytical chemistry · 2022Article
- The Importance of Improving Educational Attainment for Dementia Prevalence Trends From 2000 to 2014, Among Older Non-Hispanic Black and White Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2021Article
- Association of Timing of School Desegregation in the United States With Late-Life Cognition in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) Cohort.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Association of Lewy Bodies With Age-Related Clinical Characteristics in Black and White Decedents.Neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesFew studies have explicitly tested whether the health disadvantage among older blacks is consistent across the entire range of education. We examined racial differences in the cross-sectional association of education with physical and cognitive function performance in older adults.
methodsParticipants included over 9500 blacks and whites, aged ≥ 65 years, from the Chicago Health and Aging Project {64% black, 60% women, mean age = 73.0 (standard deviation [SD] = 6.9), mean education = 12.2 (SD = 3.5)}. Physical function was assessed using 3 physical performance tests, and cognitive function was assessed with 4 performance-based tests; composite measures were created and used in analyses.
resultsIn multiple regression models that controlled for age, age-squared, sex, and race, and their interactions, whites and those with higher education (>12 years) performed significantly better on both functional health measures. The association of education with each indicator of functional health was similar in older blacks and whites with low levels (≤ 12 years) of education. However, at higher levels of education, there was a significantly more positive association between years of education and these functional health outcomes among blacks than whites. DISCUSSION: Results from this biracial population-based sample in the Midwest suggest that blacks may enjoy greater returns in functional health for additional education beyond high school.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.