ReviewBrain, behavior, and immunity2011
Induction of innate immune genes in brain create the neurobiology of addiction.
Review in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01631630 (Role of Proinflammatory Signaling in Alcohol Craving), which is not on this map. Cited by 193 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Role of Proinflammatory Signaling in Alcohol Craving
Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 310 citations in OpenAlex.
- The sequenced rat brain transcriptome--its use in identifying networks predisposing alcohol consumption.The FEBS journal · 2015Pooled it
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Acute changes in immune biomarkers under low- and moderate-dose alcohol in light and heavy drinkers: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Trial
- PPARγ activation by pioglitazone does not suppress cravings for alcohol, and is associated with a risk of myopathy in treatment seeking alcohol dependent patients: a randomized controlled proof of principle study.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Targeting neuroinflammation with minocycline in heavy drinkers.Psychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Systemic inflammation enhances stimulant-induced striatal dopamine elevation.Translational psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Morphine and methamphetamine trigger divergent post-transcriptional neuroimmune landscapes in the dorsal striatum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Engaging Gut-to-Brain Signalling to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder.Addiction biology · 2026Article
- Alpha-pinene modulates hippocampal MAPKs/c-Fos pathways during morphine dependence and withdrawal in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Chronic alcohol consumption sex-dependently affects IL-6 modulation of GABAergic synapses in the central amygdala of rhesus macaques.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Interleukin 13 signaling modulates dopaminergic functions and nicotine reward in rodents.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A history of addiction through the six editions of Kandel'sFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the neuroimmune response following heavy, binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescent rats.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- The neurobiology of love and addiction: Central nervous system signaling and energy metabolism.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Review
- Stress across systems and lifespan: emerging biomarkers and mechanisms of resilience.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in Mediating Reward-Motivated and Emotional Behavior and the Behavioral Disturbances Produced by Repeated Exposure to Reward Substances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Operant effort-based decision-making task reveals sex differences in motivational behavior but no long-term effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol in Sprague Dawley rats.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Article
- The interaction between central and peripheral immune systems in methamphetamine use disorder: current status and future directions.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Cognitive Dysfunction in the Addictions (CDiA): protocol for a neuron-to-neighbourhood collaborative research program.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Ethanol modulates astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation via miR-339/NLRP6 inflammasome signaling.Free radical biology & medicine · 2025Article
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Addiction occurs through repeated abuse of drugs that progressively reduce behavioral control and cognitive flexibility while increasing limbic negative emotion. Recent discoveries indicate neuroimmune signaling underlies addiction and co-morbid depression. Low threshold microglia undergo progressive stages of innate immune activation involving astrocytes and neurons with repeated drug abuse, stress, and/or cell damage signals. Increased brain NF-κB transcription of proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, oxidases, proteases, TLR and other genes create loops amplifying NF-κB transcription and innate immune target gene expression. Human post-mortem alcoholic brain has increased NF-κB and NF-κB target gene message, increased microglial markers and chemokine-MCP1. Polymorphisms of human NF-κB1 and other innate immune genes contribute to genetic risk for alcoholism. Animal transgenic and genetic studies link NF-κB innate immune gene expression to alcohol drinking. Human drug addicts show deficits in behavioral flexibility modeled pre-clinically using reversal learning. Binge alcohol, chronic cocaine, and lesions link addiction neurobiology to frontal cortex, neuroimmune signaling and loss of behavioral flexibility. Addiction also involves increasing limbic negative emotion and depression-like behavior that is reflected in hippocampal neurogenesis. Innate immune activation parallels loss of neurogenesis and increased depression-like behavior. Protection against loss of neurogenesis and negative affect by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, opiate antagonist and abstinence from ethanol dependence link limbic affect to changes in innate immune signaling. The hypothesis that innate immune gene induction underlies addiction and affective disorders creates new targets for therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.