ArticleFEMS immunology and medical microbiology2011
The early humoral immune response to Bacillus anthracis toxins in patients infected with cutaneous anthrax.
Article in FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subclinical Anthrax Exposure in Railroad Workers Following Soil Disruption in an Endemic Region: A Seroprevalence Study in Kars, Türkiye.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Insufficient Anthrax Lethal Toxin Neutralization Is Associated with Antibody Subclass and Domain Specificity in the Plasma of Anthrax-Vaccinated Individuals.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Harnessing the Membrane Translocation Properties of AB Toxins for Therapeutic Applications.Toxins · 2021Review
- Serological evidence for human exposure to Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis in the villages around Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- Development of a multiple-antigen protein fusion vaccine candidate that confers protection against Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2019Review
- A niosome formulation modulates the Th1/Th2 bias immune response in mice and also provides protection against anthrax spore challenge.International journal of nanomedicine · 2018Article
- Lethal factor antibodies contribute to lethal toxin neutralization in recipients of anthrax vaccine precipitated.Vaccine · 2017Article
- Article
- Periorbital cellulitis due to cutaneous anthrax.International ophthalmology · 2015Review
- Anthrax: A disease of biowarfare and public health importance.World journal of clinical cases · 2015Review
- Whole genome protein microarrays for serum profiling of immunodominant antigens of Bacillus anthracis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Article
- Impaired colonic B-cell responses by gastrointestinal Bacillus anthracis infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Anthrax lethal factor as an immune target in humans and transgenic mice and the impact of HLA polymorphism on CD4+ T cell immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
- Serodiagnosis of human cutaneous anthrax in India using an indirect anti-lethal factor IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- Review
- Anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2009-2010.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2012Article
- Lethal factor toxemia and anti-protective antigen antibody activity in naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, produces a tripartite toxin composed of two enzymatically active subunits, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), which, when associated with a cell-binding component, protective antigen (PA), form lethal toxin and edema toxin, respectively. In this preliminary study, we characterized the toxin-specific antibody responses observed in 17 individuals infected with cutaneous anthrax. The majority of the toxin-specific antibody responses observed following infection were directed against LF, with immunoglobulin G (IgG) detected as early as 4 days after the onset of symptoms in contrast to the later and lower EF- and PA-specific IgG responses. Unlike the case with infection, the predominant toxin-specific antibody response of those immunized with the US anthrax vaccine absorbed and UK anthrax vaccine precipitated licensed anthrax vaccines was directed against PA. We observed that the LF-specific human antibodies were, like anti-PA antibodies, able to neutralize toxin activity, suggesting the possibility that they may contribute to protection. We conclude that an antibody response to LF might be a more sensitive diagnostic marker of anthrax than to PA. The ability of human LF-specific antibodies to neutralize toxin activity supports the possible inclusion of LF in future anthrax vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.