Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2011
The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers.
Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of intramuscular and intranasal naloxone: an explorative study in healthy volunteers.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Trial
- Effect of Buprenorphine Weekly Depot (CAM2038) and Hydromorphone Blockade in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Intranasal buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone: Abuse liability and reinforcing efficacy in physically dependent opioid abusers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- Abuse potential of intranasal buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone in buprenorphine-maintained heroin users.Addiction biology · 2015Trial
- The reinforcing and subjective effects of intravenous and intranasal buprenorphine in heroin users.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2014Trial
- Intranasal oxycodone self-administration in non-dependent opioid abusers.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2012Trial
- Can Buprenorphine Be Overdosed? The Ceiling Effect and Its Clinical Implications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Naloxone.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2024Review
- Low dose IV buprenorphine inductions for patients with opioid use disorder and concurrent pain: a retrospective case series.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
- Buprenorphine and its formulations: a comprehensive review.Health psychology research · 2022Article
- The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Article
- Treating Chronic Pain with Buprenorphine-The Practical Guide.Current treatment options in oncology · 2021Review
- Systematic benefit-risk assessment for buprenorphine implant: a semiquantitative method to support risk management.BMJ evidence-based medicine · 2020Review
- Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in developing a response to the opioid epidemic.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2020Review
- Reconsidering the Usefulness of Adding Naloxone to Buprenorphine.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Review
- Pharmacodynamics and arteriovenous difference of intravenous naloxone in healthy volunteers exposed to remifentanil.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Article
- Treating Chronic Pain: An Overview of Clinical Studies Centered on the Buprenorphine Option.Drugs · 2018Review
- International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2018Article
- Abuse liability of intravenous buprenorphine vs. buprenorphine/naloxone: Importance of absolute naloxone amount.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsSublingual buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone are efficacious opioid dependence pharmacotherapies, but there are reports of their diversion and misuse by the intranasal route. The study objectives were to characterize and compare their intranasal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.
designA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.
settingAn in-patient research unit at the University of Kentucky.
participantsHealthy adults (n = 10) abusing, but not physically dependent on, intranasal opioids. MEASUREMENTS: Six sessions (72 hours apart) tested five intranasal doses [0/0, crushed buprenorphine (2, 8 mg), crushed buprenorphine/naloxone (2/0.5, 8/2 mg)] and one intravenous dose (0.8 mg buprenorphine/0.2 mg naloxone for bioavailability assessment). Plasma samples, physiological, subject- and observer-rated measures were collected before and for up to 72 hours after drug administration.
findingsBoth formulations produced time- and dose-dependent increases on subjective and physiological mu-opioid agonist effects (e.g. 'liking', miosis). Subjects reported higher subjective ratings and street values for 8 mg compared to 8/2 mg, but these differences were not statistically significant. No significant formulation differences in peak plasma buprenorphine concentration or time-course were observed. Buprenorphine bioavailability was 38-44% and T(max) was 35-40 minutes after all intranasal doses. Naloxone bioavailability was 24% and 30% following 2/0.5 and 8/2 mg, respectively.
conclusionsIt is difficult to determine if observed differences in abuse potential between intranasal buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone are clinically relevant at the doses tested. Greater bioavailability and faster onset of pharmacodynamic effects compared to sublingual administration suggests a motivation for intranasal misuse in non-dependent opioid abusers. However, significant naloxone absorption from intranasal buprenorphine/naloxone administration may deter the likelihood of intranasal misuse of buprenorphine/naloxone, but not buprenorphine, in opioid-dependent individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.