ArticleBMC medicine2011
Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.
Article in BMC medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07584473 (NCWS or IBS/FD in Relatives of CD Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 180 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
NCWS or IBS/FD in Relatives of CD Patients
Who cites it
180 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 444 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gluten-Free and Gluten-Restricted Diets in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Disease Activity and Patient-Reported Outcomes.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Gluten restriction in irritable bowel syndrome, yes or no?: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Guideline
- No Difference in Tolerance between Wheat and Spelt Bread in Patients with Suspected Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Effects ofNutrients · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Randomised clinical study: Aspergillus niger-derived enzyme digests gluten in the stomach of healthy volunteers.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2015Trial
- A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function.Gastroenterology · 2013Trial
- Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Focused Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Periodontal Status of Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- From gluten to therapeutics: molecular mechanisms of celiac disease and emerging alternatives to the gluten-free diet.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Architecture, permeability, disruption dynamics and remodeling of tight junction proteins: Implications for performance, health, and welfare of the broiler chicken.Poultry science · 2026Review
- Investigating Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology Underlying Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Wheat-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases: Narrative Review.The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Reframing type 1 diabetes through the endocannabinoidome-microbiota axis: a systems biology perspective.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Non-Host Factors Influencing Onset and Severity of Celiac Disease.Gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Improving the Diagnosis of Dermatitis Herpetiformis Using the Intraepithelial Lymphogram.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Intestinal permeability, food antigens and the microbiome: a multifaceted perspective.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Like Symptoms in Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Organic Causes.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2023Review
- The Gliadin Hydrolysis Capacity ofNutrients · 2023Article
120 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Gluten-sensitive individuals (GS) cannot tolerate gluten and may develop gastrointestinal symptoms similar to those in CD, but the overall clinical picture is generally less severe and is not accompanied by the concurrence of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies or autoimmune comorbidities. By studying and comparing mucosal expression of genes associated with intestinal barrier function, as well as innate and adaptive immunity in CD compared with GS, we sought to better understand the similarities and differences between these two gluten-associated disorders.
methodsCD, GS and healthy, gluten-tolerant individuals were enrolled in this study. Intestinal permeability was evaluated using a lactulose and mannitol probe, and mucosal biopsy specimens were collected to study the expression of genes involved in barrier function and immunity.
resultsUnlike CD, GS is not associated with increased intestinal permeability. In fact, this was significantly reduced in GS compared with controls (P = 0.0308), paralleled by significantly increased expression of claudin (CLDN) 4 (P = 0.0286). Relative to controls, adaptive immunity markers interleukin (IL)-6 (P = 0.0124) and IL-21 (P = 0.0572) were expressed at higher levels in CD but not in GS, while expression of the innate immunity marker Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 was increased in GS but not in CD (P = 0.0295). Finally, expression of the T-regulatory cell marker FOXP3 was significantly reduced in GS relative to controls (P = 0.0325) and CD patients (P = 0.0293).
conclusionsThis study shows that the two gluten-associated disorders, CD and GS, are different clinical entities, and it contributes to the characterization of GS as a condition associated with prevalent gluten-induced activation of innate, rather than adaptive, immune responses in the absence of detectable changes in mucosal barrier function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.