ArticlePediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2011
Early protective and risk factors for allergic rhinitis at age 4½ yr.
Article in Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in preschool children: a meta-analysis and systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Early Diet on the Prevalence of Allergic Disease in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Daily egg intake may reduce sensitisation to common allergenic foods among six- to nine-month-old south African infants: A randomized controlled trial.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Trial
- Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease.Allergy · 2022Review
- Article
- The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Timing of Food Introduction and the Risk of Food Allergy.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Fish, Shellfish, and Children's Health: An Assessment of Benefits, Risks, and Sustainability.Pediatrics · 2019Article
- International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2018Article
- Prevention of allergies in childhood - where are we now?Allergologie select · 2017Review
- The allergic march comprises the coexistence of related patterns of allergic disease not just the progressive development of one disease.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2016Article
- Pediatric rhinitis risk factors.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2016Article
- A persistently high body mass index increases the risk of atopic asthma at school age.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2015Article
- Rhinitis in the first 18 months of life: exploring the role of respiratory viruses.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2015Article
- Clinical phenotype and allergen sensitization in the first 2 years as predictors of atopic disorders at age 5 years.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2015Article
- Total IgE plasma levels vary according to gender and age in Brazilian patients with allergic rhinitis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2014Article
- Antibiotics in the first week of life is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis at school age.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2014Article
- Birth after preeclamptic pregnancies: association with allergic sensitization and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in late childhood; a historically matched cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2014Article
- Effects of wheezing in early childhood in the development of allergic rhinitis in later years.Asia Pacific allergy · 2014Article
- Early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics affect the risk of asthma into school age.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Allergic heredity plays a major role in the development of allergic rhinitis. In addition the introduction of food may influence the risk of subsequent allergic disease. The aim of this study was to analyse early risk factors and protective factors for allergic rhinitis at preschool age. Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in the region of western Sweden in 2003 and 8,176 families (50% of the birth cohort) were randomly selected. The parents answered questionnaires at 6 and 12 months and at 4½ yr of age. The response rate at 4½ yr was 4,496, i.e. 83% of the 5,398 questionnaires distributed at 4½ yr. At 4½ yr of age, 5.5% reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis during the last year. In the multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for allergic rhinitis were: allergic sensitisation to food allergens at 4½ yr (OR 10.21; 95% confidence interval 4.22-24.73), recurrent wheeze at 4½ yr (3.33; 1.56-7.10), doctor-diagnosed eczema at 4½ yr (2.72; 1.62-4.55), parental rhinitis (2.21; 1.39-3.53), eczema first year (1.97; 1.19-3.26) and male gender (1.82; 1.13-2.94). The risk was reduced with fish introduction before 9 months (0.49; 0.29-0.82). In conclusion, we found that previous and present allergic disease, heredity and male gender increased the risk of allergic rhinitis at 4½ yr of age. The introduction of fish before the age of 9 months reduced the risk.
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