ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2011
Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 419 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Better Resiliency Among Veterans With Omega-3's (BRAVO) Study: A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Among Military Veterans
Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid Bound Omega-3's
Who cites it
419 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 871 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional Comparisons.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Dietary and circulating omega-6 fatty acids and their impact on cardiovascular disease, cancer risk, and mortality: a global meta-analysis of 150 cohorts and meta-regression.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Relevance of diet in schizophrenia: a review focusing on prenatal nutritional deficiency, obesity, oxidative stress and inflammation.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Adipose saturation reduces lipotoxic systemic inflammation and explains the obesity paradox.Science advances · 2021Pooled it
- N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cancer: Accumulating Evidence from Prospective Studies.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Feasibility Study of Soybean Oil-Fortified Foods to Alter Blood Content of Linoleic Acid and Body Weight: A Randomized Double-Masked Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2021Trial
- Methodology for altering omega-3 EPA+DHA and omega-6 linoleic acid as controlled variables in a dietary trial.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2021Trial
- Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Evidence Suggests Linoleic Acid Exerts Health Benefits Beyond Cardiovascular Disease: A Brief Review of Clinical and Observational Studies.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Omega-3 fatty acids reprogram tumor-associated macrophage cytokine signaling and suppress pancreatic cancer growth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Cooking Oil-Derived Aldehydes: Overlooked Components of the Western Diet with the Potential to Disrupt Fetal Brain Development.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Docosahexaenoic Acid Enhances the Cytotoxic Effects of Enzalutamide and the PARP Inhibitor in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Genome editing generates high oleic soybean and eliminates beany flavors.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026Article
- Skeletal muscle-specific myostatin overexpression promotes muscle oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in transgenic mice.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Review
359 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe consumption of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) essential fatty acids in Western diets is thought to have changed markedly during the 20th century.
objectiveWe sought to quantify changes in the apparent consumption of essential fatty acids in the United States from 1909 to 1999.
designWe calculated the estimated per capita consumption of food commodities and availability of essential fatty acids from 373 food commodities by using economic disappearance data for each year from 1909 to 1999. Nutrient compositions for 1909 were modeled by using current foods (1909-C) and foods produced by traditional early 20th century practices (1909-T).
resultsThe estimated per capita consumption of soybean oil increased >1000-fold from 1909 to 1999. The availability of linoleic acid (LA) increased from 2.79% to 7.21% of energy (P < 0.000001), whereas the availability of α-linolenic acid (ALA) increased from 0.39% to 0.72% of energy by using 1909-C modeling. By using 1909-T modeling, LA was 2.23% of energy, and ALA was 0.35% of energy. The ratio of LA to ALA increased from 6.4 in 1909 to 10.0 in 1999. The 1909-T but not the 1909-C data showed substantial declines in dietary availability (percentage of energy) of n-6 arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Predicted net effects of these dietary changes included declines in tissue n--3 highly unsaturated fatty acid status (36.81%, 1909-T; 31.28%, 1909-C; 22.95%, 1999) and declines in the estimated omega-3 index (8.28, 1909-T; 6.51, 1909-C; 3.84, 1999).
conclusionThe apparent increased consumption of LA, which was primarily from soybean oil, has likely decreased tissue concentrations of EPA and DHA during the 20th century.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.