ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2011
Expression and iron-dependent regulation of succinate receptor GPR91 in retinal pigment epithelium.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy: cellular heterogeneity, progression, and therapeutic targets.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Iron: More than Meets the Eye.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Ferroptosis: An Energetic Villain of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Development and Characterization of Potent Succinate Receptor Fluorescent Tracers.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2023Article
- Ferritin But Not Iron Increases in Retina Upon Systemic Iron Overload in Diabetic and Iron-Dextran Injected Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits oxidative stress and ferroptosis in retinal microvascular endothelial cells induced by high glucose through down-regulation of miR-93.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Understanding Ischemic Retinopathies: The Role of Succinate and Its Receptor in Retinal Pigment Epithelium.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Succinate at the Crossroad of Metabolism and Angiogenesis: Roles of SDH, HIF1α and SUCNR1.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- SUCNR1 Mediates the Priming Step of the Inflammasome in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Relevance in Ulcerative Colitis.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation in the Aging Retina: Implication of Ferroptosis in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Aging and disease · 2021Review
- Review
- Single nucleotide polymorphism rs13079080 is associated with differential regulation of the succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) gene by miRNA-4470.RNA biology · 2019Article
- Environmental stress impairs photoreceptor outer segment (POS) phagocytosis and degradation and induces autofluorescent material accumulation in hiPSC-RPE cells.Cell death discovery · 2019Article
- Iron Overload Accelerates the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Association with Increased Retinal Renin Expression.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- G protein-coupled receptor 91 signaling in diabetic retinopathy and hypoxic retinal diseases.Vision research · 2017Review
- Cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors for tumor-associated metabolites: A direct link to mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer · 2017Review
- GPR91 deficiency exacerbates allergic contact dermatitis while reducing arthritic disease in mice.Allergy · 2017Article
- Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) Regulates α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) Production through the Succinate Dehydrogenase-G Protein-coupled Receptor 91 (GPR91) Pathway in Hepatic Stellate Cells.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2016Article
- Increased Retinal Expression of the Pro-Angiogenic Receptor GPR91 via BMP6 in a Mouse Model of Juvenile Hemochromatosis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2016Article
- Regulation of Vascular and Renal Function by Metabolite Receptors.Annual review of physiology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGPR91, a succinate receptor, is expressed in retinal ganglion cells and induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RPE also expresses VEGF, but whether this cell expresses GPR91 is not known. Excessive iron is also proangiogenic, and hemochromatosis is associated with iron overload. Therefore, we examined the expression and iron-dependent regulation of GPR91 in the RPE.
methodsGPR91 expression was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Hemochromatosis mice, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of retina, expression of CMV-US2 in RPE, and exposure of RPE to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) were used to examine the iron-dependent regulation of GPR91 expression. VEGF expression was quantified by qPCR. Knockdown of GPR91 in ARPE-19 cells was achieved with shRNA.
resultsGPR91 was expressed in RPE but only in the apical membrane. Retinal expression of GPR91 was higher in hemochromatosis (Hfe(-/-)) mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. Primary RPE cells from Hfe(-/-) mice had increased GPR91 expression compared with WT RPE cells. Iron accumulation in cells induced by CMV infection, expression of CMV-US2, or treatment with FAC increased GPR91 expression. VEGF expression in the Hfe(-/-) mouse retina was increased at ages younger than 18 months, but the expression was downregulated at older ages. The involvement of GPR91 in succinate-induced expression of VEGF in RPE cells was confirmed with GPR91-specific shRNA.
conclusionsGPR91 is expressed in the RPE with specific localization to the apical membrane, indicating that succinate in the subretinal space serves as the GPR91 agonist. Excessive iron in the retina and RPE enhances GPR91 expression; however, VEGF expression does not always parallel GPR91 expression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.