ArticleJournal of women's health (2002)2011
Changes in depressive symptoms over 0-9 months postpartum.
Article in Journal of women's health (2002), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between personal birth companion and maternal mental health in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Screening for Postpartum Depression in Well-Baby Care Settings: A Systematic Review.Maternal and child health journal · 2017Pooled it
- Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Development and pilot evaluation of an Internet-facilitated cognitive-behavioral intervention for maternal depression.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2012Trial
- Repeated depression screening during the first postpartum year.Annals of family medicineTrial
- Understanding the Implications of mHealth Technology in Collaborative Care Programs and Its Role in Supporting Postpartum Care: Qualitative Interview Study of the Baby2Home Intervention Using the Parallel Journeys Framework.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Application of time series analysis in predicting postpartum depression: integrating data from the hospitalization period and early postpartum weeks.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Article
- Mental Health After Childbirth in Women with Previous Bariatric Surgery: The SPOtMom Pilot Study.Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association · 2025Observational
- Postpartum hair loss is associated with anxiety.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2024Article
- Neighborhood socioeconomic status and postpartum depression among commercial health insurance enrollees: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Language Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm in Relation to Early Maternal Depression and Anxiety.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Measurement invariance of maternal depressive symptoms across the first 2 years since birth and across racial group, education, income, primiparity, and age.Psychological assessment · 2023Article
- Protocol for the effectiveness evaluation of an antenatal, universally offered, and remotely delivered parenting programme 'Baby Steps' on maternal outcomes: a Born in Bradford's Better Start (BiBBS) study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Determinants of depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers: a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Postpartum Mental Health in Rural South Africa: Socioeconomic Stressors and Worsening Mental Health.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- Maternal depression symptoms during the first 21 months after giving birth.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2021Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Not Associated with Maternal-Infant Bonding in Early Postpartum, Considering Depression, Anxiety, and Parity.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with depression and depression-related healthcare access in mothers of 9-month-old infants in the Republic of Ireland.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2018Article
- Review of the prevalence of postnatal depression across cultures.AIMS public health · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate mothers' changes in prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms over 0-9 months postpartum and determine which symptoms best distinguish depressed from nondepressed women.
methodsThis was a prospective study of English-literate mothers of newborns, recruited from four family medicine clinics and three pediatric clinics. Mothers completed surveys at 0-1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 months postpartum, and surveys included demographic characteristics, a two-question depression screen, the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and other health and work characteristics.
resultsThere were 506 participants (33% response rate), and 112 (22.1%) had a positive PHQ-9 (score ≥10) at some time within the first 9 months after delivery. The proportion of women with a positive PHQ-9 was greatest at 0-1 month (12.5%), then fell to between 5.0% and 7.1% at 2-6 months, and rose again to 10.2% at 9 months postpartum. Most of the PHQ-9 symptoms differentiated well between depressed and nondepressed women; items that were less discriminating were abnormal sleep, abnormal appetite/eating, and fatigue. Assessment of possible predictors of a change from negative to positive PHQ-9 between 6 and 9 months postpartum revealed only one significant predictor: prior history of depression.
conclusionsDepressive symptoms in this sample were most frequent at 0-1 month and 9 months postpartum. Most PHQ-9 items differentiated well between depressed and nondepressed mothers; these findings support the use of the PHQ-9 for PPD screening. Future research is needed to confirm our observed secondary peak in depressive symptoms at 9 months postpartum and to investigate possible causes.
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