ArticleDiabetes care2011
Heterogeneity of diabetes outcomes among asians and pacific islanders in the US: the diabetes study of northern california (DISTANCE).
Article in Diabetes care, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Implementation outcomes of a culturally adapted diabetes self-management education intervention for Native Hawaiians and Pacific islanders.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- A Randomized Clinical Trial of Group Acupuncture for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Among Diverse Safety Net Patients.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2019Trial
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate decline and risk of end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Observational
- Heterogeneity in the development of diabetes-related complications: narrative review of the roles of ancestry and geographical determinants.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Heterogeneity in the effect of type 2 diabetes on dementia incidence in a diverse cohort of Asian American and non-Latino White older adults.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Medication Initiation Among Adults Newly Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- Prediction of diabetic foot amputation using newly revised DIRECT coding system: Comparison of accuracy with that of five existing classification systems.International wound journal · 2023Article
- Article
- Advancing Health Disparities Research: The Need to Include Asian American Subgroup Populations.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Review
- Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Health and Prevention Research for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Report From the 2021 National Institutes of Health Workshop.Annals of internal medicine · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in China: findings from the Shanghai Integration Model (SIM).Frontiers of medicine · 2022Article
- Factors Influencing Background Incidence Rate Calculation: Systematic Empirical Evaluation Across an International Network of Observational Databases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Validity of a Computational Linguistics-Derived Automated Health Literacy Measure Across Race/Ethnicity: Findings from The ECLIPPSE Project.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2021Article
- Association between visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Article
- Diabetic Kidney Disease: Challenges, Advances, and Opportunities.Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- "H" for Heterogeneity in the Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes Management.Current diabetes reports · 2020Review
- Association between Body Mass Index and Stroke Risk Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEthnic minorities with diabetes typically have lower rates of cardiovascular outcomes and higher rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with whites. Diabetes outcomes among Asian and Pacific Islander subgroups have not been disaggregated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe performed a prospective cohort study (1996-2006) of patients enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. There were 64,211 diabetic patients, including whites (n = 40,286), blacks (n = 8,668), Latinos (n = 7,763), Filipinos (n = 3,572), Chinese (n = 1,823), Japanese (n = 951), Pacific Islanders (n = 593), and South Asians (n = 555), enrolled in the registry. We calculated incidence rates (means ± SD; 7.2 ± 3.3 years follow-up) and created Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, educational attainment, English proficiency, neighborhood deprivation, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, medication adherence, type and duration of diabetes, HbA(1c), hypertension, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and LDL cholesterol. Incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure, stroke, ESRD, and lower-extremity amputation (LEA) were age and sex adjusted.
resultsPacific Islander women had the highest incidence of MI, whereas other ethnicities had significantly lower rates of MI than whites. Most nonwhite groups had higher rates of ESRD than whites. Asians had ~60% lower incidence of LEA compared with whites, African Americans, or Pacific Islanders. Incidence rates in Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos were similar for most complications. For the three macrovascular complications, Pacific Islanders and South Asians had rates similar to whites.
conclusionsIncidence of complications varied dramatically among the Asian subgroups and highlights the value of a more nuanced ethnic stratification for public health surveillance and etiologic research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.