ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2011
Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 525 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Role of Proinflammatory Signaling in Alcohol Craving
Minocycline as an Adjunct for the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Evaluation of Brain Activity and Oxygenation Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients
Who cites it
525 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atypical cytokine profiles in people on the autism spectrum: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis including 54 cytokines.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Depression and lifestyle: Focusing on nutrition, exercise, and their possible relevance to molecular mechanisms.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2023Pooled it
- Acupuncture and moxibustion for malignant tumor patients with psychological symptoms of insomnia, anxiety and depression: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2023Pooled it
- The relationship between immune and cognitive dysfunction in mood and psychotic disorder: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Inflammation-induced depressed mood and reward responsivity as a function of age in female adults: a randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Unveiling the cognitive fog in lung cancer patients: non-invasive exploration of blood-brain barrier disruption and brain structural changes.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Sleep fragmentation and heightened inflammation: A latent profile subtype predicting nine-year major depressive disorder severity in the MIDUS study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Exploring the lung-brain axis in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a potential therapeutic target.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and depression symptom severity among U.S. adults: A multivariable analysis of NHANES data.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Fatigue after COVID-19 infection is associated with peripheral immunometabolic alterations affecting neuroimmune responses in the hippocampus.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and depression: immune-brain interface mechanisms, biomarker stratification, and therapeutic strategies.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Integrated Bulk and Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Followed by Clinical Validation Reveal Programmed Cell Death-Related Shared Molecular Signatures in OA and MDD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Limited nesting stress in mice as a model to study neuroimmune relationships in postpartum depression.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Potential of Native Brazilian Fruits in Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Focused Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The correlations of insomnia symptoms with psychopathology and hematological parameters as well as gender differences in patients with schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ventromedial hypothalamus IL-6 signaling mediates the excessive aggressive behavior induced by late-gestational sleep deprivation in male mice.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review of Non-Opioid Therapeutics for Opioid Withdrawal: Translational Relevance to Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS) Research.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Beyond Inflammation: Associations of Depression and Anxiety With Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Cureus · 2026Article
465 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There has been an explosion in our knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms by which the immune system can influence the brain and behavior. In the context of inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines can access the central nervous system and interact with a cytokine network in the brain to influence virtually every aspect of brain function relevant to behavior including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, and neurocircuits that regulate mood, motor activity, motivation, anxiety and alarm. Behavioral consequences of these effects of the immune system on the brain include depression, anxiety, fatigue, psychomotor slowing, anorexia, cognitive dysfunction and sleep impairment; symptoms that overlap with those which characterize neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Pathways that appear to be especially important in immune system effects on the brain include the cytokine signaling molecules, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B; indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and its downstream metabolites, kynurenine, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid; the neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate; and neurocircuits involving the basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex. A series of vulnerability factors including aging and obesity as well as chronic stress also appears to interact with immune to brain signaling to exacerbate immunologic contributions to neuropsychiatric disease. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which the immune system influences behavior yields a host of targets for potential therapeutic development as well as informing strategies for the prevention of neuropsychiatric disease in at risk populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.