ReviewClinical psychology review2011
Life stress and kindling in bipolar disorder: review of the evidence and integration with emerging biopsychosocial theories.
Review in Clinical psychology review, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proximal Effects of a Transdiagnostic, Ecological Momentary Intervention for Enhancing Resilience in Help-Seeking Young People (EMIcompass): Findings From a Secondary Analysis of an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- Effects of a Novel, Transdiagnostic Ecological Momentary Intervention for Prevention, and Early Intervention of Severe Mental Disorder in Youth (EMIcompass): Findings From an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Trial
- Do suicide attempts increase in severity or frequency across repeat attempts?Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Wearable-derived heart rate variability and sleep monitoring as predictors of mood episodes in bipolar disorder: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- MoodMon: novel optimization of bipolar disorder monitoring through patient-driven voice parameter submission and AI technology.Postepy psychiatrii neurologii · 2024Article
- Longitudinal hair cortisol in bipolar disorder and a mechanism based on HPA dynamics.iScience · 2024Article
- Association of sociocultural stressors with bipolar disorder onset in Puerto Rican youth growing up as members of a minoritized ethnic group: results from the Boricua Youth Longitudinal Study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- Effects of a Novel, Transdiagnostic, Hybrid Ecological Momentary Intervention for Improving Resilience in Youth (EMIcompass): Protocol for an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2021Article
- Behavioral mediators of stress-related mood symptoms in adolescence & young adulthood.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Observational
- Psychological symptoms during and after Austrian first lockdown in individuals with bipolar disorder? A follow-up control-group investigation.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2021Article
- Sleep and physical activity in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder in remission, their first-degree unaffected relatives and healthy controls.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2020Article
- The role of environmental stress and DNA methylation in the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2020Article
- The Role of Stress and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Haplotypes in the Development of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety During Adolescence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- A Hybrid Feature Pool-Based Emotional Stress State Detection Algorithm Using EEG Signals.Brain sciences · 2019Article
- Multi-Lag Analysis of Symbolic Entropies on EEG Recordings for Distress Recognition.Frontiers in neuroinformatics · 2019Article
- Emotional Stress State Detection Using Genetic Algorithm-Based Feature Selection on EEG Signals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Serotonin depletion causes valproate-responsive manic-like condition and increased hippocampal neuroplasticity that are reversed by stress.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Mice with reduced DAT levels recreate seasonal-induced switching between states in bipolar disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Testing frameworks for personalizing bipolar disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2018Article
- Forebrain-specific ablation of phospholipase Cγ1 causes manic-like behavior.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Most life stress literature in bipolar disorder (BD) fails to account for the possibility of a changing relationship between psychosocial context and episode initiation across the course of the disorder. According to Post's (1992) influential kindling hypothesis, major life stress is required to trigger initial onsets and recurrences of affective episodes, but successive episodes become progressively less tied to stressors and may eventually occur autonomously. Subsequent research on kindling has largely focused on unipolar depression (UD), and the model has been tested in imprecise and inconsistent ways. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate evidence for the kindling model as it applies to BD. We first outline the origins of the hypothesis, the evidence for the model in UD, and the issues needing further clarification. Next, we review the extant literature on the changing relationship between life stress and bipolar illness over time, and find that evidence from the methodologically strongest studies is inconsistent with the kindling hypothesis. We then integrate this existing body of research with two emerging biopsychosocial models of BD: the Behavioral Approach System dysregulation model, and the circadian and social rhythm theory. Finally, we present therapeutic implications and suggestions for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.