ArticleThe Science of the total environment2011
Sources of cadmium exposure among healthy premenopausal women.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental cadmium exposure and the risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Associations of Maternal Urinary Cadmium with Trimester-Specific Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: Role of Dietary Intake of Micronutrients.Biological trace element research · 2016Trial
- Prolonged Cadmium Exposure and Osteoclastogenesis: A Mechanistic Mouse andEnvironmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Metal Exposures in Residents Living Near an Urban Oil Drilling Site in Los Angeles, California.Environmental science & technology · 2022Article
- Increased Urinary Cadmium Levels in Foreign-Born Asian Women-An NHANES Study of 9639 U.S. Participants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Human exposure assessment to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from tofu consumption.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Selenium modifies associations between multiple metals and neurologic symptoms in Gulf states residents.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- Estimation of cadmium load from soybeans and soy-based foods for vegetarians.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2020Article
- Association between maternal blood cadmium and lead concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2019Article
- Urine and toenail cadmium levels in pregnant women: A reliability study.Environment international · 2018Article
- Temporal variability of urinary cadmium in spot urine samples and first morning voids.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2017Article
- Dietary determinants of cadmium exposure in the Strong Heart Family Study.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2017Article
- Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- A Case-Cohort Study of Cadmium Body Burden and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in American Women.Environmental health perspectives · 2015Article
- Article
- Cadmium as a possible cause of bladder cancer: a review of accumulated evidence.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2014Review
- Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.Environmental health perspectives · 2014Article
- Maternal cadmium levels during pregnancy associated with lower birth weight in infants in a North Carolina cohort.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCadmium, a persistent and widespread environmental pollutant, has been associated with kidney function impairment and several diseases. Cigarettes are the dominant source of cadmium exposure among smokers; the primary source of cadmium in non-smokers is food. We investigated sources of cadmium exposure in a sample of healthy women.
methodsIn a cross-sectional study, 191 premenopausal women completed a health questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire. The cadmium content of spot urine samples was measured with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and normalized to urine creatinine content. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the strength of association between smoking habits and, among non-smokers, usual foods consumed and urinary cadmium, adjusted for age, race, multivitamin and supplement use, education, estimated total energy intake, and parity.
resultsGeometric mean urine creatinine-normalized cadmium concentration (uCd) of women with any history of cigarette smoking was 0.43 μg/g (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38-0.48 μg/g) and 0.30 μg/g (0.27-0.33 μg/g) among never-smokers, and increased with pack-years of smoking. Analysis of dietary data among women with no reported history of smoking suggested that regular consumption of eggs, hot cereals, organ meats, tofu, vegetable soups, leafy greens, green salad, and yams was associated with uCd. Consumption of tofu products showed the most robust association with uCd; each weekly serving of tofu was associated with a 22% (95% CI: 11-33%) increase in uCd. Thus, uCd was estimated to be 0.11 μg/g (95% CI: 0.06-0.15 μg/g) higher among women who consumed any tofu than among those who consumed none.
conclusionsCigarette smoking is likely the most important source of cadmium exposure among smokers. Among non-smokers, consumption of specific foods, notably tofu, is associated with increased urine cadmium concentration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.