ArticleDiabetes care2011
Interaction of onset and duration of diabetes on the percent of GAD and IA-2 antibody-positive subjects in the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium database.
Article in Diabetes care, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Characteristics of type 1 diabetes in Northwest China: A multicenter hospital-based study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Pancreatic Ultrasound Features at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes: Age-Related Differences in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Global burden of diabetes in women from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050: population-based study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- IFN-α Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguish LADA From Early-onset Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Islet autoantibodies in Thai individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 30 years of age: a large multicentre nationwide study.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Exogenous Insulin Antibody Syndrome (EIAS) Presenting in an Elderly, Long-Term Patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus that Resolved with Low-Cost Outpatient Therapy with Mycophenolate Mofetil and Regular Insulin by Pump.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Article
- Atypical Diabetes: What Have We Learned and What Does the Future Hold?Diabetes care · 2024Review
- Understanding Islet Autoantibodies in Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Review
- The longitudinal loss of islet autoantibody responses from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes occurs progressively over follow-up and is determined by low autoantibody titres, early-onset, and genetic variants.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- A longitudinal assessment of diabetes autoantibodies in the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.Pediatric diabetes · 2022Article
- The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Diabetologia · 2021Article
- Different interaction of onset age and duration of type 1 diabetes on the dynamics of autoantibodies to insulinoma-associated antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2021Article
- Postexercise Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With Residual β-Cell Function.Diabetes care · 2020Observational
- Clinical and genetic correlates of islet-autoimmune signatures in juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2020Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGAD antibodies (GADA) are more common in type 1 diabetic subjects diagnosed at an older age, whereas insulinoma-antigen 2 antibodies (IA-2A) are more common in subjects with younger onset. The prevalence of both antibodies decreases with longer duration of type 1 diabetes. We evaluated the interaction between age of diagnosis (onset) and duration of diabetes on the percentage of GADA- and IA-2A-positive subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsData were used from 5,020 individuals with type 1 diabetes obtained from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium dataset. The percentages of GADA- and IA-2A-positive subjects were modeled with duration as the continuous independent variable using a modified spline.
resultsWithin the first 5 years from diagnosis, 19.4% of individuals (median age 13 years) had neither GADA nor IA-2A, and by 6 to 13 years after diagnosis (median age 18 years), 31.7% were antibody-negative. There was no significant interaction between onset of disease and duration of diabetes for IA-2A (P = 0.30). The interaction was significant for GADA (P = 0.0002), resulting from differences in subjects diagnosed at or older than age 14. For these individuals, there was no apparent effect of duration of disease on the percentage of GADA-positive subjects within the first 5 years of diagnosis.
conclusionsOnset and duration of diabetes both have an important effect on antibody status. The interaction of onset and duration on GADA positivity, but not on IA-2A, suggests differences in biology. These data provide a context for clinicians to interpret results of autoantibody testing in clinical practice.
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