Trial reportDiabetes2011
GIP does not potentiate the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1 in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypoglycemic agents and glycemic variability in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Diabetes & vascular disease researchPooled it
- GIP contributes to postprandial regulation of splanchnic blood supply in humans with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- GIP and GLP-1 Potentiate Sulfonylurea-Induced Insulin Secretion in Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α Mutation Carriers.Diabetes · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Effects of combined GIP and GLP-1 infusion on energy intake, appetite and energy expenditure in overweight/obese individuals: a randomised, crossover study.Diabetologia · 2019Trial
- Short-term administration of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide decreases circulating leptin and increases GIP levels and these changes are associated with alterations in CNS responses to food cues: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2016Trial
- Effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide on gastric emptying, glycaemia and insulinaemia during critical illness: a prospective, double blind, randomised, crossover study.Critical care (London, England) · 2015Trial
- The effect of exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in combination with glucagon-like peptide-1 on glycemia in the critically ill.Diabetes care · 2013Trial
- Mechanisms of glucose lowering of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when used alone or with metformin in type 2 diabetes: a double-tracer study.Diabetes care · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a bifunctional glucose-dependent regulator of glucagon and insulin secretion in humans.Diabetes · 2011Trial
- Personalization of incretin therapy: can GLP-1 and GIP receptor polymorphisms influence therapy response?Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Review
- The role of GIP in carbohydrate metabolism: Implications in the development of therapies for T2DM, a narrative review.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- The science of safety: adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering and obesity medications.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Gut Peptide Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Narrative Review.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- Revitalizing GIP: Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- The Roles of Incretin Hormones GIP and GLP-1 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The effects of DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1-RA on the AGE/RAGE pathway: implications for diabetes and its complications.Glycoconjugate journal · 2025Review
- Designing GLP-1 delivery: structural perspectives and formulation approaches for optimized therapy.Nutrition & diabetes · 2025Review
- Sequential Meals Containing Animal and Plant-Based Saturated Fats Have Differential Effects on Postprandial Gut Hormones but No Impact on Satiety Compared with Unsaturated Fats in Generally Healthy Males: Findings from the Randomized Controlled Crossover CocoHeart Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) exerts insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetic patients, whereas glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) no longer does. We studied whether GIP can alter the insulinotropic or glucagonostatic activity of GLP-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsTwelve patients with type 2 diabetes (nine men and three women; 61 ± 10 years; BMI 30.0 ± 3.7 kg/m²; HbA(1c) 7.3 ± 1.5%) were studied. In randomized order, intravenous infusions of GLP-1(7-36)-amide (1.2 pmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹), GIP (4 pmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹), GLP-1 plus GIP, and placebo were administered over 360 min after an overnight fast (≥ 1 day wash-out period between experiments). Capillary blood glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined.
resultsExogenous GLP-1 alone reduced glycemia from 10.3 to 5.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L. Insulin secretion was stimulated (insulin, C-peptide, P < 0.0001), and glucagon was suppressed (P = 0.009). With GIP alone, glucose was lowered slightly (P = 0.0021); insulin and C-peptide were stimulated to a lesser degree than with GLP-1 (P < 0.001). Adding GIP to GLP-1 did not further enhance the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (insulin, P = 0.90; C-peptide, P = 0.85). Rather, the suppression of glucagon elicited by GLP-1 was antagonized by the addition of GIP (P = 0.008). FFA were suppressed by GLP-1 (P < 0.0001) and hardly affected by GIP (P = 0.07).
conclusionsGIP is unable to further amplify the insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1 in type 2 diabetes. Rather, the suppression of glucagon by GLP-1 is antagonized by GIP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.